The Art of Japanese Management Essay Example for Free

The Art of Japanese Management Essay The art of Japanese management talks about the differences of the Eastern and Western management, and clarifies this differences by citing transnational companies and the ways they did or do solve social and cultural problems that the main management has nowadays. The book starts by sitting on the history of great western organizations like government, military and the church. Its divided in 8 chapters, but its mainly divided in 3 subjects: The 7 S framework, the japanese reflection and The American way. The first leadership concept that shows is the line of command. Contrasting with China and Japan, the occidental society evolves separately with separate influence spheres: The church was always taking care of the faith and the spiritual life of the men meanwhile the government and the commercial institutions had the role of providing the to the human beings to take care of the existence. The corporation started to growth acting as a dominant organization inside a society in this century. The western world was starting to leader the rest of the world, there was no surprise that we all know as modern management was a western invention. The new professionals have the same challenges as before in time: How to efficiently administrate the organization, how to delegate responsibilities, and how to gratify and motivate the employees. The main difference between Western and Eastern organizations is that the last ones use the organizational structure and formal systems to attack these issues. In general, comparing with Western organizations, Eastern organization pays more attention on social and spiritual subjects. The ideology takes persons to achieve organizational goals, but mainly and invariably, these are based on sanctions. Today, the most important tasks like the significance of punctuality, sense of belonging, sanctions against thievery, the importance of performance at work, and the ways to solve conflicts and issues are taking by society before their members take part of a company’s task force. Most of the times eastern societies are representatively big, and most of the time matters like public, private and spiritual are so integrated that the companies take control of these type of tasks as a whole in human being. Company takes another role rater to just being transactions between work and capital. The book gives us the advice to take the best practices of the Japanese administration and to adopt it to our environment, questioning some western â€Å"truths† and some management abilities. To explain the 7 S Framework, the book describes the actions of Konosuke Matsushita, founder of Panasonic, over the management of National and other companies. To start describing the Strategy, Matsushita broke all the existing rules about convention of company names, by naming his company National instead of Matsushita. He changed the way of product commercialization by selling it directly to the stores, without intermediaries, lowering costs. Matsushita gave importance to market shares, high volumes of production generates saving on production cost allowing the company to transmit this reduced prices to their customers. The third element of the strategy was the followership, in which Matsushita didn’t create or invent products, instead, the company’s research and development imitates it but the big difference was that the company offered the same product with an attractive improvement. His best concept of research and development was to take the product, imitate it to the maximum detail and to find a better and more attractive way to offer it to the competitor. Describing organizational structure, he fixed the goal of maintain the thing small and entrepreneurial. To start growing, he organized the company into divisions. When he saw that the manager’s skill were improving, he figured out that they were preparing to be general administrators of a growing company, but the issue were that all the managers were making this progress in their abilities independent and separately. For this, he centralizes the controllership’s functions, the personnel functions, he institutionalize a central bank and the centralized all the training. Regarding Systems, Matsushita was the pioneer of the effective financial systems, and he copied the planning system from Phillips, the Dutch electronics manufacturer. The planning system consisted on that every 6 months, the managers of each division had to deliver 3 plans: The first one was a plan to 5 years, in which he stipulates all the changes that the organization or division will suffer regarding on alterations of new technologies and the environment. The second plan was a plan of to 2 years, in which stipulates how the division will translate the long term strategy in the new plant’s capacity and the new products. The third plan was the â€Å"Program for the Next Sixth Months operation period†. In this plan, the division explained month to month the sales projections, productions, incomes, inventories, accounts receivable, personnel requirements, quality control targets and capital investments. In questions of style, Matsushita was distinguee for his â€Å"hands on† approach. Matsushita understands that a manager has to effectively communicate to people down the line, telling them what he cares about. His key success has been the ability to get to the employees seven levels down and motivate him to energically pursue the organization’s objective. Another future of Matsushita‘s style was the pragmatic approach to a conflict. As in real life, there will be adjustments and its means to pull together rather to push apart. About spiritual values, Matsushita philosophy provided a basis of meaning beyond production. Matsushita was the first company in Japan to have a song and a code of values. This song was singed every day at 8:00 am al across Japan. For Matsushita, It was unthinkable that work, which occupies at least half of the day, should deny its powerful role. The firm has a inescapable responsibilities to help their employee’s themselves. The basic business principles were: â€Å"To recognize our responsibilities as industrialists, to foster progress, to promote general welfare of society, and to devote ourselves to the further development of world culture† The employee’s creed was: â€Å"Progress and development can be realized only through the combined effort and cooperation of each member of Our Company. Each of us, therefore, shall keep this idea constantly in mind as we devote ourselves to the c continuous improvement of our company†. The seven â€Å"spiritual† values were: 1. National Service Through Industry 2. Fairness 3. Harmony and Cooperation 4. Struggle for Betterment 5. Courtesy and Humility 6. Adjustment and assimilation 7. Gratitude. This values foster consistent expectations among employees in a work force continent to continent spread. Regarding Staff, Matsushita experience started with the basics of business. Every employee, whether they were engineers, accountants, or salesman, began with spending 6 months selling or working directly in a retail outlet. Also, each spends time performing routine tasks on a assembly line. The distinctiveness of the firm is that everyone that stays come to be a part of a culture with common understandings and shared values that helped to facilitate the business needs. Employees weren’t view as participating in management, but their opinions are sought. About skills, it is difficult in a Japanese organization to separate the people from the company. The most salient skills of the founder were the versatility; sometimes he was intensely hands on and sometimes distant. Matsushita seems to combine the gifts of many men. The firm’s skills emerged from the consistent ways in which the parts of the organization all join together. Its organizational structure is reinforced by its system; these gain significant support from the Matsushita style, spiritual values, and staffing policies. Human values were promoted with efficiency. Following this and through extraordinary inter consistency between strategy and skills, it is able to replicate the Matsushita model. The American way is reflected in a chapter that resembles all the managerial methods of Harold S. Geneen, which was president of International Telephone and Telegraph for over two decades. At first sight, the managerial methods implemented are good, but they were created to work only in an environment with the same variables. The comparison between Matsushita and ITT wasn’t perfect but gives us a clear perspective of how things can be done perfectly as Japans in our cultural way. Geneen’s behavior and tension he created produced and intense competitive pressures which drove the executives persistently. His method of management was traditional. There were important and interrelated elements in Geneen’s management approach where he played a central role in his management design. The unshakeable facts, which are something hard and indisputable; at minimum it is the firsthand opinion of an expert, based on the most current information. The second part revolved around a design of checks and balances using staff as parallel and independent source of information from the line and permitting overlapping delegations of authority among and between line and staff functions. The third part of Geneen’s approach was the use of large structured meetings as the focal point of his decision-making process. The fourth part was to impose of a variety of rewards and pressures to ensure his total command. Geneen created tensions between line and staff. In contrast with Matsushita, division managers were seen to lead a challenging and precarious existence, while line staff half of the time exaggerated problems to make they look good under the boss eyes. One product manager traced the source of the problem between line and staff to the bonus system, because it represented 30% or more of the salary. The problem was that putting staff on individual performance bonuses resulted in the justification of their existence. They were always trying to prove what they had done in order to look good in the reports. This created an adversary relationship with people on the line. The reward system drove that kind of behavior. Geneen meetings were interrogatory, even adversarial,. The general manager’s report had already been written and everyone assumed to have studied it, but the meetings were held to identify new problems. Part of what made Geneen’s system to work was the fear. Fear of being caught uninformed and being humiliated in meetings and of being punished. It it’s often said that positive motivations are more powerful than negative ones. Geneens personal style can also be described as attentive, committed, determined, pragmatic, and forceful and disciplined. His managerial approach had powerful effects on others, and the labels they used to characterize these patterns in his behaviors, and thus his values and beliefs, were often charged with emotion. Seven elements were used to understand better both Matsushita and ITT. Strategy belongs to a firm’s plan of action that causes it to allocate it scarce resources over time to get from where it it’s to where it wants to go. Structure refers to the way a firm is organized, whether it’s decentralized or centralized, whether it emphasizes line or staff. Structure refers on how boxes are arranged. System refers to how information moves around within the organization. Staff belongs not to staff in the line/staff senses, but to demographic characteristics of the people who live in an organization. Skills are those things which the organization and its key personnel do particularly well. Style refers to the patterns of behavior of the top executive and senior management team. Super ordinate Goals or shared values include spiritual and significant meanings and shared values of the people within an organization and refers to the overarching purposes to which an organization and its members dedicate themselves.

office apace Essay -- essays research papers

The Life of Peter: Idealism vs. Realism When asking a child what they want to be when the grow up, they will most likely tell you a doctor, teacher or some other public service occupation. They have the ideal that a career helping people is the best job a person could have. When those same kids get into high school their ideals become even greater (this really only applies to middle-upper class). They want to be artist, musicians, actors, or free lance writers who travel the world for the next big story. In college the ideals of the student are usually pushed to the back burner so that there is room for reality. Peter’s character in the movie Office Space is an example of the ultimate idealist. Throughout the movie we are shown his conflict between â€Å"good and evil† (otherwise known as idealism and realism). Peter’s character is placed in the toughest battle zone to live out his ideals: the corporate world of cubicles. Americans have the idea of an â€Å"American Dream† which in tales having a good job, family and happy home (for most people this is all that is needed to be content in life). Peter though can’t accept the idea of the â€Å"American Dream† and comes to make his own idealistic ideas a reality that most would laugh off as being a nothing but pipe dreams. It must be hard to spend 40-50 hours a week in a little box with no windows or connection to the outside world. Office workplaces tend to invent annoying saying like â€Å" Do you have a case of the Mondays?† that in itself ... office apace Essay -- essays research papers The Life of Peter: Idealism vs. Realism When asking a child what they want to be when the grow up, they will most likely tell you a doctor, teacher or some other public service occupation. They have the ideal that a career helping people is the best job a person could have. When those same kids get into high school their ideals become even greater (this really only applies to middle-upper class). They want to be artist, musicians, actors, or free lance writers who travel the world for the next big story. In college the ideals of the student are usually pushed to the back burner so that there is room for reality. Peter’s character in the movie Office Space is an example of the ultimate idealist. Throughout the movie we are shown his conflict between â€Å"good and evil† (otherwise known as idealism and realism). Peter’s character is placed in the toughest battle zone to live out his ideals: the corporate world of cubicles. Americans have the idea of an â€Å"American Dream† which in tales having a good job, family and happy home (for most people this is all that is needed to be content in life). Peter though can’t accept the idea of the â€Å"American Dream† and comes to make his own idealistic ideas a reality that most would laugh off as being a nothing but pipe dreams. It must be hard to spend 40-50 hours a week in a little box with no windows or connection to the outside world. Office workplaces tend to invent annoying saying like â€Å" Do you have a case of the Mondays?† that in itself ...

You Can Have It

Philip Levine writes as though he is from a hard working middle class family geared toward the more highly educated class. Levine directs his poetry towards the higher class, through personal relationships and by showing pride and respectability in manual labor. Levine wants the more educated to know that even though the lower class may not have the most respectable jobs, they still take pride in their work because it supports their family. By using personal relationships, Levine emphasizes the how much pride the working class takes in their jobs. Levine writes as though he is from a hard working middle class family, who works day after day just to make it through life and support the family. Although he is writing from this prospective, his work is actually geared more toward a more highly educated group. Levine wants the higher class to know just how lucky they are. Most people of high stature have never really had a hard manual-laboring job. Its true that most people of this class do not know what hard work is or how it feels to have to struggle to find a job and care for themselves and a family. In the poem, What Work Is, Levine writes, â€Å"if you're/ old enough to read this you know what/ work is, although you may not do it. / Forget you. † In these lines, Levine is saying that the more educated group may know the definition of the word work but the have never really experienced it. This is even further shown in the last line when the man says, â€Å"you don't know what work is. † The man in the poem You Can Have It, is relating to us college students and remembering for himself what it was like to be twenty. We were twenty/ for such a short time and always in/ the wrong clothes, crusted with dirt/ and sweat. I think now we were never twenty. † Twenty year-olds are living the life that this man never had but wishes that he could have had it. He wants the higher class to realize what other people go through and just how easy life really is. In the last line, he says â€Å"You can have it. † Here he wishes to give back everything from the past thirty years just to be twenty one more time, not work and just have his youth back. In all of Levine's poems, the narrator is proud of his work no matter what job he has. In Starlight, a four year-old boy is watching his father relax on the porch and smoke a cigarette after a long rigorous day of work. The father after seeing the child and the beautiful things that he works for, he can proudly answer that he is happy with a head nod, â€Å"Yes! oh yes! oh yes! † He is proud to work hard to support his family. Every child looks up to its parents. In the beginning of this poem the son seems to be timid about bothering his father while he is relaxing but by the end, the son feels right at his fathers level â€Å"among the stars. He is proud to have his father and know that he is an honest hard working man and looks up to him as if he were a the brightest of all stars. The poem You Can Have It also describes the pride that another man takes in his job even if it is only in a factory. In the third stanza of the poem Levine talks about a man and his brother saying that â€Å"they are only one man/ sharing a heart that always labors, hands/ yellowed and cracked. † Their heart is in their work, even if it is not the most respectable job. Although they talk about the hands being yellowed and cracked, I think it is in a good way. They are proud to have these marks of their hard work to support themselves. This is what they have to do to make it through life and they are proud to do it. In many of his poems, Levine uses many personal relationships to highlight the themes in each poem. In Levine's poem, What Work Is, the man is waiting in line trying to get a job. He is very upset refusing to give in but â€Å"waiting, / to the knowledge that somewhere ahead/ a man is waiting who will say, â€Å"No, / we're not hiring today. He has been in this place before and although he is annoyed at the fact that he cannot get a job, he is also proud to be standing there waiting to get a job. He would be proud to have a job working in a factory or anywhere. Whereas this man would be proud to have a job in a factory, his brother is working at the Cadillac factory but is trying to gain a higher status and have what he would consider a respectable job. The brother is not proud to be working in a factory and is therefore studying German to be an opera singer, in which he would be highly regarded. Levine brings out the father and son relationship in Starlight to show a sense of not only pride in his work but also happiness and an escape from the daily struggles that the father faces. After a long day of hard work, the father finds an escape in returning to his family and being away from his job. Just holding his son up there with him for that one minute gives him a sense of happiness and helps him to forget all the troubles of that day. Seeing his son happy and admiring him so much makes the father feel a sense of worth and pride in his job. Philip Levine writes as though he is from a hard working middle class family who works very hard just to make it through life and support the family. He wants the higher class to know how lucky they are and what struggles the less educated go through. In all of the poems, the narrator is proud of his work no matter what job he has, even if it is only in a factory. By using personal relationships throughout his poems, Levine highlights the fact that all the people take pride in their work.

The Impact Of Anthropology For Case Management And Health...

1. Impact of anthropology for case management and health Professions. Anthropology is the science that studies human cultures. As her sources of information are the study of human societies and changes between them. Anthropologists exploring human behavior and activities, try to reach the definition of social and cultural phenomens. The science of anthropology is divided into two main areas, physical anthropology and social anthropology. These are two independent science of physical anthropology from each other deal with the biological side of human life and comes in natural sciences and social anthropology deals with the development of human societies and is part of the social sciences. Anthropology is the study of the human world. Anthropologists investigating the origin and development of human. Anthropology as a science split (physical anthropology, archaeological, linguistic, and cultural) and also in areas that are specialized as (forensic, medical, economic and business). Anthropologists have developed some skills such as: analysis, research, verbal, critical thinking, written communication, presentation, problem solving skills. Anthropologists working in medicine, no matter how specific, specialized, or isolated setting, should make themselves familiar with the concerns of doctors and other professionals of health that are common to all areas of medicine, (Yale Career Strategy office, 2015). 2. Description of case management concept There isShow MoreRelatedHistorical Development of Nursing Timeline1033 Words   |  5 Pagesto take care of other people. She started her work during the Crimean war. Her amazing management skills and her ability to provide nursing care to the healthy and wounded soldiers, using her great base knowledge and understanding about the cause and effect of disease and the influence of the environment in healing process, provided a major impact in healthcare and started the beginning of the nursing profession. 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She developed the Culture Care Diversity and Universality Theory withRead MoreCultural Anthropology6441 Words   |  26 PagesAnthropology 1A03 Exam Review Week 7 Monday October 18-Thursday October 21 â€Å"Expressive Culture† (Miller Text Chapter 11) Expressive Culture October 18: Expressive Culture is: Behaviour and beliefs related to art, leisure, and play. - linked to other cultural domains such as: Exchange: pot latching art and dance, Bodily modification. Decorations, tattoos Religion: clothing, practices, etc. What is Art? Art is application of imagination, skill and style to matters movement, and soundRead MoreDisruptive Innovation : An Organization s Decision Making Process2564 Words   |  11 PagesDisruptive Innovation Health care, like so many industries, has been rapidly changing over the past several decades. As technology advances and the information age enlightens health care consumers, health care providers are forced to modify their practices in order to stay relevant and competitive. Nurses are in a unique position amongst all health care workers. As the deliverer of the majority of care, nurses have more contact with consumers than many other professions. Nurse leaders have theRead MoreSample Resume : High Quality Patient Care2601 Words   |  11 Pageslearning environment. The emerging theory is based on a foundation that all learning is influenced by the situation in which it occurs. Many professions including education, anthropology, cognitive science, psychology, and sociology have studied the theory. Although healthcare professionals are not formally studied the theory, it is relevant to the profession. In order to apply the Situated Cognition Theory, nurses must be to apply pra ctice in authentic situation. 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All of these great details illustrate the concept of diversity so a better understanding can be provided for an individualRead MoreHealth and Social Care4535 Words   |  19 PagesLondon Churchill College Topics: Psychology for Health amp; Social Care Practice (Unit 15) BTEC Higher National Diploma (HND) in Health amp; Social Care QCF Level 4 [A study of Psychology in Health amp; Social Care] By: Shah Shamima Begum To: Suzanne Lutchmun ID: LCC-20123434 Group A 1.1 Compare different psychological theories of lifespan dependent Answer to the question no 1.1 Developmental theories provide a set of guiding principles and concepts that describe and explainRead MoreIntroduction to Urban Design and Community Planning3820 Words   |  16 Pagesoperates at the intersection of all three, and requires a good understanding of a range of others besides, such as real estate development, urban economics, political economy and social theory. 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Mobile Gambling Is A Multi Billion Dollar Business

Introduction Mobile gambling is a multi-billion dollar business. Companies world-wide are competing for customers’ dollars, from large established casinos to smaller upstarts. Many people are now finding it more convenient to wager via online casinos, instead of stepping inside a casino or other physical gaming location. Mobile devices have further simplified the process for these gamblers and gaming â€Å"apps† now act as a catalyst for betting online. According to BlackJack Champ, an online guide to mobile casinos, â€Å"The latest trends show about half of the world’s population engages in some form of gambling every year, and smartphones have literally brought mobile casino games to our fingertips, making gambling more accessible than ever†¦show more content†¦Industry Structure There are 1,511 casinos in the United States, generating annual revenue of over $65 billion (Statista). Casino gambling is legal statewide throughout Nevada and Louisiana, with 50% of the US casino hotels operating in Nevada alone. In the other 20 states where casinos are legal, they are restricted to certain areas, such as American Indian Reservations (Alvarez 19). There are several different kinds of casinos, including Las Vegas-style, dockside (built on barges), riverboats, card rooms, and racetrack casinos (Vault). The two largest gaming companies, in terms of market share, are Caesars Entertainment Corporation (13.6%) and MGM Resorts International (11.2%). Caesars owns 49 casinos in eight states and employs 70,000 workers. MGM owns 15 casinos in four states and Macau, China and employs about 61,000 people (Alvarez 25). As previously mentioned, 20 other states allow some form of casino gambling. This includes states that surround former strongholds, like Atlantic City, New Jersey. However, recent state legislation allowing casino gambling in surrounding states such as Pennsylvania, have caused revenue to drop by almost half in Atlantic City, causing many casino properties to close (Alvarez 19). Competitive Strategy Competitive strategy is an organization’s long-term plan used to remain competitive in the

We Watched s Taken For A Ride - 1305 Words

We watched â€Å"Taken for a ride† documentary that finally gave an answer to my inquiries about American transportation. I am European and, before, I never quite understood why Americans use drive-ups, rather than doing healthy walking, and—why sitting in traffic for them seems natural, except for the fact that they have so big road arteries and easy free parking spaces, that function as incentive to drive, not to forget that gas prices (very high in Europe) here are very cheap. Moreover, since I started using the bus to commute to campus, I had an impression of some kind of stigma enveloping the bus system, as if it is in use for poor and minorities. The movie is a semi- historical document, explaining the trends in contemporary American life, an investigative report on a set of social problems and their causes. Issues like our over-reliance on cars and the failures of public transportation to meet the needs of people. The historical causes are identified in General Motors projects to shape American life around its own interests. Again, we are talking Capitalism! The documentary is well evidence based on archive documents. Central concerns are on infrastructure and how business interests shape public policy. The first part shows (General Motor) G. M. s role in the 1930s and 1940s dismantling of streetcars and taking the space for a bus company. This strategy was intended to push more people into driving cars, since buses were a poor substitute for the streetcars. TheShow MoreRelatedGuidelines For Reducing Drunk Driving1205 Words   |  5 Pagesthe alcohol and drug abuse that goes on in the city of New Orleans to promote a safe environment for the families, individuals, and safe communities (linkedin.com). 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What was that sound that usually never happens in this neighborhood, said Booker. Well it s now or never, said Booker So Booker when to the place where the blast had landed and

Implement Person Centred Approaches in Health and Social Care free essay sample

Implement person centred approaches in health and social care (HSC 026) Outcome 1 Understand person centred approaches for care and support 1) Define person-centred values Treating people as individuals Making sure people have their privacy Making sure people have access to their rights Treating people with dignity and respect Supporting people to be as independent as possible 2) Explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person centred values Taking into account person centred values makes me work better for the individual person, rather than imposing my own choices on them and taking away their own right to independence and choice. 3) Explain why risk-taking can be part of a person centred approach Taking risks means that you are able to choose and be in control of what you do. You need to ensure that concerns about taking risks is not stopping you living the way you want to. A risk assessmet can always be carried out to see if it is possible for someone to do something that they thought would not be possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Implement Person Centred Approaches in Health and Social Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eplain how using an individuals care plan contributes to working in a person centred way Using an individuals care plan will ensure that the persons own needs and wishes are being met, rather than offering them a choice of what is available. Using their care plan, you can build on what they want and see where there are gaps that need to be addressed. Outcome 3 Be able to establish consent when providing care or support 1) Explain the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support It is important to establish consent because it is a basic human right for everyone to have the choice. Much of the treatment or support the individual receives is either invasive or personal, so consent is essential as it protects providers against legal challenge. Asking for consent is also part of the codes of practice for social care. 3) Explain what steps to take if consent can not be readily eastablished If consent is not readily established, you must not proceed with the care or activity in question. First, you may wish to ask for consent again, if refusal is still being given, report to the manager. There will be procedures in place for refusal of consent. Usually, there will be no further action taken, but in the case of there being consequences to refusal, say for example refusing medication, further assessments need to be undertaken to decide whether it would be in their interest to go ahead without consent. Outcome 4 Be able to encourage active participation 1) Describe how active participation benefits an individual An individual will benefit from active participation because it builds self-esteem and improves confidence. Feeling good and confident are important ways of improving peoples general and emotional health. Everyone has the right to participate in society. 2) Identify possible barriers to active participation Issues over physical access Lack of information in accessible formats Emotional barriers, such as lack of confidence Professional support staff taking over Family cares who find it hard to let go Outcome 5 Be able to support the individuals right to make choices 3) Explain why a workers personal views should not influence an individuals choices A workers personal view is not neccesarily the same view of the individual, so if an individual listened to a worker, it would not neccesarily be the individuals choice. A workers opinion should never influence an individual. You should only give factual information about options available. Outcome 6 Be able to promote individuals well-being 1) Explain how individual identity and self-esteem are linked to well-being Everyone has an image of themselves. This is made up of their own identity/self-image and their self-esteem. If someone has a negative image of themselves and has low self-esteem, their well-being is likely to be on a lower scale than someone who has a positive image of themselves, and has a good self-esteem. As a carer, it is important to promote well-being and good self-esteem so that the individual will feel good about themselves and have a happier outlook. 2) Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individuals well-being Being recognised and valued as an individual is important for an individuals self-esteem. It will promote their well-being and give the individual a sense of being. Asking someone their preference for being addressed by their first name, or more formally, shows that you have respect for them, and this will boost their self-esteem. Taking into account someones religious and cultural beliefs, their values about forms of dress and their preferenceabout who should be providing them with personal care, are all approaches that are likely to promote an individuals well-being.