Hell And Heaven Essays - Hell, Christian Eschatology,

Hell And Heaven Matthew Jay Krachunis May 2000 Hell The idea of heaven entices and encourages believers and non-believers alike. It is enjoyable to envision a place of eternal rest and relaxation, in the presence of God and loved ones. Heaven does exist according to the Bible, and is the destination of the believer in Jesus Christ at the completion of life on this earth. What is not encouraging is the fact that there is a place for those whom God chooses will not inherit everlasting life. This place is commonly referred to in the English language as hell. It is not metaphorical nor is it mythological, it is real in every sense of the word; a true literal hell. It is a time as Guthrie says in New Testament Theology, ? to inquire about the state of the lost, a subject which tends to be neglected or else glossed over.....the final state of those who are not in the book of life? (Guthrie p. 887). This will be the focus of this discussion, the eternal state of those individuals whose name will not be found in the book of life. To fully understand the implications of the declaration of a place of eternal damnation, one must first understand what that place is. The common use of the word ?Hell? is considered colloquial and comical to some. In the bible, the idea of the term ?hell' is expressed in more ways than one. The terms Gehenna (Matthew 5:22), Hades (Matthew 11:23), and Lake of Fire (Revelation 20:15) are terms that have been interpreted to believe as hell. The term ?Gehenna' occurs twelve times in the King James version of the bible. It occurs in all three of the synoptic gospels, but most notably in the book of Matthew in which it occurs seven times. Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible defines Gehenna as ? A name for the place (or state) of everlasting punishment:-hell? (Strong's p. 19). Jesus Christ spoke of Gehenna and warned people of it. Jesus said in Matthew chapter five verse thirty, ? for it is better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to go to hell?. It is as Guthrie says, ? There is no way of avoiding the conclusion that Jesus firmly accepted that there was a counterpart to heaven for those who were condemned before God ? (Guthrie p.888). It is clear that Guthrie believes that there is an eternal and literal hell. Therefore, because Jesus stated it, and Guthrie supported it, shows that it must have a certain importance about it. In Mark chapter nine verses forty-two through fifty, Jesus is talking about the importance of understanding of the implications of a sinful life and where it will lead. In the following passage, the usage of the word ?hell' is interpreted as the Greek word ?Gehenna' and Jesus says, ?If your hand causes you to sin, cut it off. It is better for you to enter life maimed than with two hands to go into hell, where the fire never goes out? (Mark 9:43). It can be construed from this statement that Jesus is adamant about the reality of the conditions in hell. It can be assumed that Jesus is not advocating the actual removal of the hand, but is speaking about the horrifying reality of hell. He is admonishing those who are listening to understand that theoretically, not having one of your hands would be better than spending eternity in hell. As Stamps says in the notes of the Full Life Study Bible, ? the place of unquenchable fire is so terrible that every influence of sin must be opposed and rejected no matter what the cost ?(Stamps p. 1497). Clearly, hell is an eternal existence that would be far worse than a missing limb. Next, Stagg states in The Broadman Bible Commentary that Gehenna was a term that ?came to symbolize the place of judgment for the wicked? (Stagg p. 109). Furthermore, Stagg declares that Gehenna is derived from Hinnom, a valley west of Jerusalem, where the garbage was burned from the city (Stagg p. 109). The aforementioned passages reinforce the idea that hell is not a

The Effects of Injuries on Professional Athletes

The Effects of Injuries on Professional Athletes Free Online Research Papers The Effects of Sports Injuries occur in almost every single sport, not only in those with a high level of contact. Many injuries come from high-intensity sports and are very common, but some may change players for the rest of their lives. Injuries are painful and at that moment they affect players ability to participate but certain injuries sustained can affect them in the long run. These injuries are very dangerous because sometimes athletes dont even realize they have a serious long-term injury until it is too late. Although the injuries people most hear about are the in professional sports, these injuries occur just as much or maybe even more, with teenagers in middle school or high school. Almost one in five high school students in a contact sport suffers a concussion each season and there are about 300,000 sport-related concussions each year (Washburn 1). Clearly this is currently a major issue in the sport community today. Sports like hockey or football usually contribute most of the concussions but other sports such as basketball, boxing, and even gymnastics are reported yearly to have some concussions. Concussions are just one of many injuries that threaten the lives of all athletes. The NFL is responsible for injuries players receive during their NFL careers and should incorporate a medical disability plan for retired players.. It as been proven that young athletes or teenagers are more vulnerable to injuries such as concussions. Concussions have been and still are one of the most dangerous forms of injuries. Since teens are more vulnerable to them, they suffer more concussions than adults (Solomon 44). It is very dangerous for the teen athlete to receive this damage because the younger someone is, the brain and nervous system takes even longer to recover (Washburn 1). The most dangerous thing about concussions are that they are invisible meaning they are undetectable. The only symptoms are headaches, sleepiness or lack of focus. Doctors say that concussions are the most serious injury in sports and the most difficult to diagnose due to the fact that it is invisible (Washburn 2). The dangerous part about not being able to detect a concussion is that players resume playing and are three times more-likely to suffer another. Even if an athlete receives a concussion and returns too soon, that athlete is at risk of receiving the second impact syndrome which causes irreversible brain damage or even fatality. It has been reported that two young athletes in the nation die each year from concussions (Washburn 1). In New Jersey, it is also reported that 10,000 athletes suffer from sport related concussions, and 75,000 more are unreported. Although teenagers are more likely to receive one, many professional athletes were force to end their careers early as a result. Athletes such as Pat LaFontaine (National Hockey League) and Wayne Chrebet (National Football League) are primary examples of what concussions are capable of (Nowinski 63). These athletes may look the same but concussions are known to change personalities as a long-term affect. Most likely the greatest boxer of all time, Muhammad Ali must suffer the life-long consequences of the serious blows to the head (Washburn 2). Autopsys of dead NFL players have shown that concussions may also lead to psychological problems which includes suici de (Chandler 2). These injuries are far more dangerous than most even realize. The injury causes a lot of damage to the brain and can alter ones lifestyle. College football athlete David Showalter received a concussion during warmups before his Rutgers game. Because of this, he claims his grades had plummeted, his memory faltered, and had withdrew from college with partial amnesia. Schools and doctors should be more aware of this serious injury and should do more to prevent or aid those who need, such as Showalter whos life will never again be the same. A major issue today is the medical pension that professional athletes, such as NFL retirees, are not receiving. Only very few NFL players who retired due to a concussion injury are receiving full medical care and only 4 retirees have full life-time benefits from concussions out of 8,000. Player Agent Leigh Steinberg says concussions are an undiagnosed health epidemic and that the reason so many athletes are not receiving aid is because of three reasons. These reasons are that they either dont realize their later-life impairments were caused by the sport, they are too embarrassed to come forward, or the disability regulators need to be enlightened. Many ex-athletes are fighting for more support and feel that it is necessary because the sport is so dangerous. Approximately 61.5% of retired NFL players are receiving benefits, but only half of those receive pension (Chandler 1). It seems very unfair to those who were forced to retire due to injury and receive nothing, especially if they suffer brain damage. These players will not be able to have an occupation to support their families and the NFL should be there to help out. Ex-Minnesota Viking Brent Boyd claims that the NFL is fighting so hard, like how tobacco companies fought like hell to deny any link between smoking and cancer. Coach and Hall of Fame Tight End Mike Ditka is one of the most active retiree to fight for a better retirement system. Ditka feels that the retirement system is far from satisfying and that ex-players need more than what they are receiving now, if anything. Kevin Everett, who played for the Buffalo Bills just this year, received a devastating spinal cord injury that ended his career. Ditka argues for players such as Everett who should receive life-time support. Injured players receive injury settlements which provide less compensation, than those players would have earned if they remained healthy and finished the contract obligations (Sports Illustrated 3). Many feel that athletes now who earn hundreds of millions are set for life. This may be the case for some, but not all. In reality, most athletes have short careers and arent earning hundreds of millions. In fact they have a limited time to earn enough money to earn that will last them through their retirement. Most athletes must find a way to earn money after they retire, especially the injured ones. This is why many athletes need good pension plans to keep themselves along with their families supported if unable to find a job. The NFL pension plan was created in 1959. Back then the salaries were a lot different than today of course, but still not enough. The plan covered all active players that have been in the league for a minimum of 4 years. After 1992, the minimum number of years was decreased to only 3 years and full benefits were accessible to all at the age of 55 with minimum payout of 200 a month for each season played. Veteran Darrel Green, retired in 2002 after 20 seasons, will only receive $5,805 a month, which at this day and age is certainly not enough to support a full family and health concerns. Another veteran, Mike Webster, requested for full disability benefits in 1999 and was rejected. Because of this, Webster was forced into debt and out on the streets, homeless for a short time. Unfortunately Webster had died in 2002 as he suffered sever brain damage from playing in the NFL. After years of legal work, Websters estate sued the NFL and received $1.18 million. Although they won, it seemed too little, too late as Webster was denied the help and financial aid he should rightfully have gotten and died (Helfand 1). The NFL is not the only sport that has a retirement pension plan. The NBA also started one just 6 years after the NFL did. Just like the National Football League, the National Basketball Association based its pension on how many years the athletes have been in the league for. Benefits went mostly to those who have been in the NBA for over 3 years in 1965 but was revised in 1988 and extended coverage to the athletes who played at least 5 seasons before 1965. Those who played before 1965 received at least 100 dollars a month and those after 1965 received more than $200 a month. Sadly those numbers have not increased greatly over the years, it was moved to over $306 a month to all players equally (Helfand 1). As each week goes by, it seems as if there is more and more talk about pensions and benefits in the NFL. Mike Ditka is definitely one of the more vocal Hall of Famers, but by his side stand many retirees fighting with him for a greater cause. With the average NFL career lasting only roughly 3 seasons and some of those ending careers caused by injury, the pension system as of now will not fully support an athlete and his family (Sports Illustrated 1). Times have changed since the pensions were implemented and finances have changed as well. Necessities cost a lot more than what they used to and the pension plan should be updated to work hand in hand with todays finances. Many players may seem like they are living the sweet life, but when their short careers end, they dont have much to fall back on. Most retired players seem to land occupations that deal with football, like coaching, commentating or even scouting. If not, popular jobs are finance or real estate which brings in good money. It is easier said than done, as most NFL players dont have the education, experience or skills that ca n get them that job (Sports Illustrated 2). A certain percentage of the retired players arent so lucky as to having a chance at an after-football job. The few retired athletes who could have landed jobs before their NFL careers, now cannot due to severe brain damage or paralysis. These are the injuries that will ruin someones life and without the NFLs support, they will live in poverty for the rest of their lives. The effects of injuries in sports could be devastating. Although athletes may be lucky enough to overcome injuries physically, it can always come back to hurt them in the long run mentally or financially. Without pensions or benefits to help aid athletes financially, there is not much that can be done for support. In the near future, something must be done to change pension policies so that everyone is supported, not just a select few. Mike Ditka and followers will eventually succeed to changing retirement plans for athletes such as the NFLs for the better. Research Papers on The Effects of Injuries on Professional AthletesTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Hockey GamePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Nutrition and Illness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nutrition and Illness - Research Paper Example The changes in dietary patterns in the population, increase in the use of tobacco and reduced engagement in physical activities have contributed to chronic illnesses, which are related to poor dietary habits. This paper gives a critical analysis on the nutrition practices of the world populations in relation to their contribution to the prevalence of chronic illnesses in addition to the implications on the nursing practice. Statement of purpose The chronic illnesses, which result from poor dietary habits, include obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and some types of cancer, stroke, and hypertension. These illnesses are caused by the changes in dietary life styles in the population and thus leading to disability. Death would also result from these conditions when they become worse. These illnesses affect negatively on the economy because of the high health budget due the loss of human resources (Daniel et al, 2011). Scientific evidence demonstrates that nutrition plays a major role in occurrence of chronic illnesses (Sticher, Smith & Davidson, 2010). Moreover, the alteration of a persons’ diet and changes in the physical activity plays a significant role in determining whether the individual will develop the illness later in life. However, it is notable that even though research on the relationship between diet and illnesses shows a contribution to chronic illnesses, policies and practices have not be en changed to ensure a healthy society. In the developing economies, the food policies are focused on preventing under nutrition but the focus on the chronic illnesses, which are caused by poor health, is neglected. Review of the Literature The energy balance equation determines the weight of an individual. The rate at which the body spends energy determines the health of that person (Burns, Gross & Zanin, 2010). When there is more consumption of calories and fats the chances of one becoming obese increases. The possibility of being obese is facilitated by food consumption, which is not proportionate to the energy breakdown. This is what leads to energy imbalance in the body, which is the basis for chronic obesity. The lifestyles of people have been changed by civilization and urbanization. There is reduced physical activity in urban areas as compared to the rural communities in the developing nations. The energy expenditure by the body is reduced drastically in a sedentary lifestyl e. The work environment in urban centers for example makes an individual confined to the work desk. Moreover, competition among businesses has led to long working hours, which does not allow people, time to engage in physical exercise. The prevalence of obesity is greater in developed countries as compared to the developing economies. In addition, urban centers have more obese people in comparison to the rural environments. This is a result to the differences in lifestyles. In developing countries and rural communities, the lifestyles of individuals promote physical activities, which encourage consumption of energy by the body. There has been a global epidemic of obesity and overweight because of the modern lifestyles which advance storage of fat in the body. Reduced physical activity is demonstrated by the fact that people drive to work. This promotes conversion of nutrients into fat for storage. Reduced physical activities eventually lead to accumulation of fat in the body that ca uses obesity and overw

Culture and Diversity in Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Culture and Diversity in Latin America - Essay Example Much of what is now taken as their culture originated from the Portuguese and the Spaniards who conquered the land. Their colonization blurred and made complicated the cultural and racial mixture that existed at the time. A great diversity within followed with the influences of other European countries, Africans and Indians being ingrained in both the culture and the language. In order to organize the diversity created by their stay, the Spaniards formed hierarchies with the varying ethnic groups through ranking. This did not sit well with many writers and artists whose feelings for the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors are quite ambivalent. Said racial hierarchies are still present and is in fact still very strong during the 19th and 20th centuries. Thought the media, the arts and other intellectuals, e.g., writers and artists, the Latin American identities are reshaped particularly those of the people with the mixed racial background and the indigenous Africans. The interplay of various cultures from different countries played a huge part in forming the Latin American culture. This is what is represented by Chapter 14 of the book. It made mention of the the â€Å"Colossus of the North†, no other than the United States, which had an effect especially on the cultural production of the region in the 20th century. It also discussed the ironic fact that Brazilian modernism relied on the European nations for its inspiration yet argued that its own artists should be able to create artwork that is uniquely Brazilian. Also in the 20th century, the communist parties in the Latin American region, instead of gaining notoriety, gained much appeal to many artists. All these facts as written in the subject chapter brought to light what made up the culture that the Latin Americans have and why though diversity is present.

Holistic Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Holistic Nursing - Essay Example In holistic nursing care, delivery of healing focuses on the relationship with the person, which contrasts with traditional nursing that has an orientation towards diseases and their cures. Holistic nursing emphasizes self-care practices, minding others and therapeutic use of the self to facilitate healing and creating patterns of wellness in others. The holistic nurse (HN), therefore, catalyzes and channels the healing process by respecting individual encounters about health, health beliefs and ideals. The caring process attends to physiological, psychological and spiritual needs of the patients contrary to traditional treatment methods. The HN supplements and enriches the nursing practice and consequently enables individuals to achieve their maximum healing potential (Mariano, 2007). The HN addresses the principles of respect and holism. Human beings differ from one individual to the other. The HN recognizes the totality of an individual’s (body, mind, emotion, and spirit) and their connections to the environment (culture, belief systems, relationships, and context). The second principle is choice and autonomy. Health is an equilibrium and improvement of well-being and not just absence of disease. Therefore, the key focus is on health promotion, prevention of diseases, health restoration, and relief of symptoms. The HN acknowledges that health is dynamic and constantly changes from a state of well being to illness. Therefore, the HN empowers the clients to make the right choices to promote their health. The third attribute in HN practice is autonomy. Nursing practice is a science that uses theory, critical thinking, reflection, and research. The nurse is to respect and give the clients the freedom to make their choices regarding their health irrespective of their knowledge and experiences. The holistic art of nursing stipulates nurses should integrate care, responsibility and deliver spiritual care in nursing.

The Strength Of Destination: Jamaica

The Strength Of Destination: Jamaica To effectively manage and market destination Jamaica for visitors appeal, close attention is required as it relates to the advertising and selling of the destination likewise the maintenance of the tourism product to attract visitors. Promote special events that can attract visitors throughout the year and enhance the image of the destination overseas. The Jamaica Tourist Board can promote special events like Reggae Summer Festival and Jazz and Blues Concert. These events attract thousands of international visitors from all over the world annually. However through this market our music is marketed throughout the world and has put reggae music atop the charts internationally. This special event has also attracted artist, producers, promoters and visitors which increase the number of visitors entering the country within that given period. Exploit the advantages of internet technology to market Jamaica. There are different reasons why people exploit the internet technology to advertise and market a destination or a distinctive product. One of the major advantages is that advertising on the internet is cost efficient and is more conducive to users of the World Wide Web. Millions of people are online each day and therefore they can view advertisements whenever they want. In addition, it allows for target marketing which is more effective on the internet than anywhere else. Likewise, internet marketing allows for interaction and feedback from viewers through surveys, reports, tweets etc. and therefore this also help to overcome barriers of distance. Promote a greater awareness locally of the importance of tourism in the Jamaica economy through the local communication programs. The Jamaica Tourist Board can assist local residence of the significance of becoming more aware of tourism in the Jamaica economy by launching a Jamaica tourism awareness program that will not only educate locals about tourism but also inform them about the importance of preserving the environment for sustainable development. The importance of tourism in the Jamaica economy can be brought across to locals through other forms of communication programs such as seminars, workshops and cultural trade shows. Promote Jamaica to Jamaicans The program that is used to promote Jamaica to Jamaicans is called experience Jamaica. Although we are citizens of the beautiful destination Jamaica not very often do we explore the opportunities of experiencing the different aspects of tourism offered throughout destination Jamaica due to cost constrain. However this program is designed with the aim of giving locals such privileges. All attractions and special hotels within the destination is packaged at a special reduce rate and sold to locals allowing them the opportunity to experience Jamaica affordably. Achieve a greater integration with Jamaica Vacation and Jamaica Reservation Service so that the combined efforts of these agencies will have full impact on the market place. The Jamaica Vacation is the company that is responsible for getting airlift into the country and likewise the Jamaica Reservation Service both companies combined together will ensure that visitors are secured for both airlift and hotel accommodation into the country. SWOT analysis of the techniques that were used in question 1. The SWOT analysis can simply be described as the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats which focus on the micro and macro environment. However, according to the Jamaica Tourist Board, the SWOT analysis is the fundamental strategy which is used to accentuate the positives, reduce the negatives as far as possible, exploit the opportunities, and at the same time, recognize the threats. STRENGTH OF DESTINATION JAMAICA The Flag, Jamaica flag is the most recognized throughout the world because of its unique combination of colours with each depicting a different significant meaning. Black, representing the hardship of the people of the nation. Green, the luscious mountains. And last but not least Gold, the magnificent sunshine. The Climate: unlike other countries that experience snow and weather of different kind, destination Jamaica is blessed to have tropical weather all year round which attract visitor to our island. The Language: Jamaica is the premier English speaking destination throughout the Caribbean with a blend of creole which is so unique that all visitors who are vacationing in Jamaica will want to learn the language. The Geographic Location: Jamaica on the Greater Antilles is situated 150 kilometers south of Cuba and 160 kilometers west of Haiti. Jamaica is the largest of the West Indian island. It has an area of 11,424 square kilometers, and is 243 kilometers long. Jamaica is in close proximity to the United States. Special Events: Jamaica host some of the best events throughout the year such as Jamaica jazz and blues festival in the month of January, Bob Marley Birthday Celebrations in the month of February, Soul Rebellion Spring Break Party held in March, Trelawny Yam Festival in April, 20th Annual Jamaica Product Exchange (JAPEX) in May, Ocho Rios Jazz Festival in June, Portland Jerk Festival in July, Mello-Go-Round, Independence and Emancipation Celebration in August, Wine and Food Festival in September, Jamaica Product Exchange 11 in October, Port Royal Music Festival and Restaurant Week in November and New Years Harbour Festival and Fireworks in December. This goes to show some of the most popularly listed events that attract visitors to destination Jamaica on numerous occasions throughout the year. Accessibility: Destination Jamaica is easily accessible by air at anyone of our three international airports. Donald Sangsters International Airport in Montego Bay. Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston and the Ian Flemings International Airport in Boscobel. It is also accessible by land and by sea at anyone of our three cruise ship pier whether it is Montego Bay, Falmouth or Ocho Rios. Easily Trained Staff: wherever we go we easily adapt to changes and do not require much training to effectively carry out a given task. Culture: The rich and diverse culture and heritage of Jamaica is renowned throughout the world. Jamaica multicultural history is best summarized in the national motto: Out of many, one people. Tourism Product: the 3 S which makes up the tourism product sun, sea and sand. Agricultural opportunities: According to the Jamaica observer published April 30, 2009 Jamaica outstanding performance at the Beijing Olympics brought new focus on Jamaican food yam and tubers in particular which in some quarter was credited for Usain Bolts meteoric and historic achievements. In addition, imploring investors to take advantage of the opportunity to invest in Jamaica. Culture and historical heritage: Jamaica culture and historical heritage aptly describes the music, cuisine, tradition, art and clothing, religion and folk lore. Bauxite and Alumina: considered the most important sector of Jamaican economy accounting for about 10% GDP, Enabling Jamaica to become the leading bauxite producer in the world. Renewable energy sources supply: The country has the advantages of utilizing renewable energy sources which comprise wind energy, solar thermal, wave energy and gas from animal waste just to name a few. Focus on prudent fiscal management: maintain fiscal records and procedures of the agency that provides protection for the resources of the agency as well as records and procedures which generate economy effectiveness and operation efficiency. Tax Administration Development Airlift, including the national airline Caribbean Airline formerly Air Jamaica WEAKNESS OF DESTINATION JAMAICA Image in the market place, unsafe destination Insufficient schedule air service from some markets for example Europe Lack of man-made attractions/development of natural attractions Lack of enough large facilities to adequately host large meetings and conventions over 300 people Crime and culture of indiscipline and lawlessness Poor human rights system Poor representation of electors Low literacy and poor school governance Poverty economic dependence Inefficient court system High cost of energy Poor organization of small businesses Unfriendly tax policies Political systems Inefficient Bureaucracy Poor infrastructure Inaccessible garrison communities OPPORTUNITIES OF DESTINATION JAMAICA Global recovery increased markets Import substitutions opportunities Renewable energy opportunities Poor structure and dependency means greater opportunities to grow Public sector rationalization Tax reform and simplification Domestic tourism Cruise passengers as potential stopovers THREATS OF DESTINATION JAMAICA Pollution of Environment Visitors Harassment Global Recovery inflation, higher interest rates Rising oil and commodity prices Focus on more investor friendly emerging economies upcoming elections fiscal appetite for revenue Inadequate Health Care The value of the Tourism Marketing Plan The Tourism Marketing Plan, establish growth based on a sustainable market position in line with market trends which helps to enhance the visitors experience through mobilizing investment by increasing the types and quality of attractions. This gives awareness in the market place. The marketing plan may be part of the business plan. A solid marketing strategy is the foundation of a well written marketing plan. Thus the value of the plan is to provide a strategic vision for the development of the industry and a framework through which that strategic vision can be realized. Three processes involved in developing the Tourism Marketing Plan Introduction: set out the main theme of the Tourism Marketing Plan. It starts with a discussion of what constitute sustainable tourism development and then outline the main strategic objectives of the marketing plan and the measure designed to achieve them. Sustainable Tourism: the aim of the marketing plan to move the industry on a path of sustainability which includes a key finding of the Diagnostic and Strategic options. Strategic Objectives: to ensure consensus of the future direction of the industry and the strategic objectives set for it. The diagnostic and strategic options report set out three strategic options for planning the future growth of the industry. The three options are: Accelerating growth so that tourism can play the lead role in economic development envisaged in the national industrial policy (NIP) with particular regard to serving as a lead sector of the economy earning foreign exchange and creating employment. Enhancing visitors experience, through developing and satisfying diversifying the product, to improve the long term competitive positioning of the industry and to achieve self-sustaining growth based on word- of mouth referrals and high repeat visitors. Achieving sustainability through improving socio-economic integration, by putting communities at the Centre of the tourism planning process and by helping to preserve Jamaicas rich heritage of the national and built environment and its unique history and culture. Five external organizations that could assist the Jamaica Tourist Board with implementation of a Destination Marketing Plan Immunology: Techniques and Functions Immunology: Techniques and Functions a) Acquired resistance The efficient and protective response against dermatophytosis is a cell-mediated response of the DTH, characterized namely by the action of macrophages as effector cells, interferon-ÃŽ ± secretion from type 1 T-helper lymphocytes and by some key cytokines like interferon-ÃŽ ³ (IFN-ÃŽ ³). Immune detection and chemotaxis occur via low-molecular weight chemotactic factors or alternative complement pathway activation. However, the immune response that is raised, and especially the degree of inflammation, varies according to the dermatophyte species, the host species and the pathophysiological status of the host.26 In general, the zoophilic species cause more inflammatory infections which may heal spontaneously and result in relative resistance to reinfection. The anthropophilic species usually cause more chronic, less circumscribed infections which result in less resistance to reinfection.26 b) Hypersensitivity (Trichophytin Reaction) The trichophytin reaction is the term used for cutaneous hypersensitivity to dermatophyte antigens injected intradermally in humans. Both immediate- and delayed-type reactions occur, but the latter is most often associated with infection.26 Trichophyton species can be isolated from patients with deep-seated trichophytosis in a liquid medium consisting of beef extract, peptone, and maltose. After 2 to 3 months at room temperature, the growth is ground and filtered.26 In patients with deep-seated trichophytosis, parenteral injection of trichophytin caused signs and symptoms analogous to those induced in tuberculous patients by injection of tuberculin: general toxic reactions including elevated temperature, perspiration, loss of appetite, headache, and pain in the joints. There was inflammation, formation of pustules, and burning at the injection site.26 Dermatophytid reactions (4–5% of patients) are inflammatory eczematous allergic skin reactions at sites distant from primary fungal infection. Being KOH and culture negative, it is associated with a DTH response to trichophytin test and may involve a local DTH response to systemically absorbedfungal antigen.26 c) Antibodies; Antibody formation does not seem to be protective. The dermatophyteantigen is thought to be processed by epidermal Langerhans cells and presented in local lymph nodes to T lymphocytes which proliferate, migrate to the infected site, and produce inflammation. The epidermal barrier becomes permeable to transferring and migrating cells leading to spontaneous resolution of lesions. Trichophytin skin test is now positive and clearing of second infection will be more rapid. Rivalier showed that a dermatophytic infection in humans results in a relative resistance to subsequent infection called‘le phenomene de la reaction acceleree’or‘le phenomene de Bruno Bloch’, mainly by the inflammatory forms (kerion), caused by zoophilic species, but not always follow the more chronic anthropophilic infections. Fungi which do not invade the hair follicle do not seem to give rise to an equivalent immunity when growing in the horny layer of the smooth skin. In contrast, a study c ould not demonstrate such acquired immunity in experimentalT. rubruminfection of smooth skin.26 d) Non-Specific Resistance Natural defenses against dermatophytes depend on immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms. Many nonspecific factors may account for natural resistance to infection. It is mainly related to the serum factor, a fungistatic substance in serum of normal individuals and animals. This factor is believed to limit the growth of the dermatophytes to the keratinized layers, i.e., prevent their invasion of living tissues.26 Host factors that help limiting the infection to keratinized tissue include their preference for cooler skin temperatures than the normal body temperature, serum inhibitory factors(beta-globulins, ferritin and other metal chelators) binding to iron essential for growth of dermatophytes. Unsaturated transferrin inhibits the growth of dermatophytes by binding to the hyphae. A growth modifying, ÃŽ ±2 macroglobulin keratin inhibitor, has also been identified in serum. The natural resistance of scalp to 1. Direct Microscopic Examination Direct microscopy provides an early and reasonably reliable method of diagnosing or excluding fungal infections. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) preparation Direct mounts are made by mixing a small portion of the material in 2-3 drops of 10% KOH on a microscope slide. A cover slip is placed over KOH specimen and the slide is gently heated. The slide is allowed to cool and ‘ripen’ for few minutes before examination. The KOH ‘cleans’ the specimen by digesting proteinaceous debris, bleaching pigments and loosening sclerotic material without damaging fungus, making hyphal forms easier to see. The slides are examined under bright field microscope with low condenser, first under 10x and then under 40x. The hyphae stand out as highly refractile long undulating branched septate threads. At times these hyphae fragment into rounded or barrel shaped arthrospores. The arthrospores are outside the hair shaft in chains in a mosaic pattern or intrapilar depending on the species involved and whether it is endothrix or ectothrix. 20% KOH are used for nail samples. In case the nails do not soften satisfactorily, the slide may be kept in an incubator at 370C for 1 hour. Hair should be examined as soon as possible after mounting. Some modifications of KOH preparation Addition of 5% glycerin to 25% KOH or NaOH prevents desiccation. 20% KOH dissolved in 40% DMSO helps in rapid penetration and maceration of tissue without resorting to heating.36 Addition of Parker Superchrome Blue-black ink to KOH solution selectively colors the hyphae making them more prominent. Sodium sulphide may also be used as a clearing agent. Eosin 1% may be added to KOH to stain the keratin. It lends a pinkish background while fungal elements remain unstained.37 Modified Parker’s ink and 1% Eosin method: Eosin 1% is added to Parker’s ink in 2:1 proportion. The mixture is painted over the affected site and allowed to dry. Apply cellophane tape, gently press, remove it, stick over glass slide and observe under microscope. Background stains pink and fungal elements stain blue. 2. Calcofluor white stain Calcofluor white is a fluorescent brightener which selectively binds to chitin and cellulose in the fungal cell wall. It fluoresces light blue color when exposed to ultraviolet light (346-365nm). 3. Acridine Orange38 A drop of 0.01% acridine orange may be added to KOH and observed under fluorescent microscope. 4. PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)38 Nail clipping stained with PAS is more rewarding as compared to KOH wet mount. The polysaccharides of fungi are oxidized by periodic acid to form aldehyde groups that yield magenta coloured compound with Schiff’s fuchsin sulfide. 5. Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain38 This stain works on the principle of liberation of aldehyde groups and their subsequent identification by reduced silver method. The aldehyde reduces methenamine silver nitrate complex resulting in brown black staining fungal cell wall due to deposition of reduced silver wherever aldehydes are located. Culture The most common media used for the isolation of dermatophytes is Sabourauds Dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide to inhibit bacterial and saprobic fungal contamination, incubated at three temperatures i.e., 250 C, 300C and 370C Dermatophyte test medium (DTM) is used for the presumptive identification of dermatophytes. On incubation at 250C, the dermatophyte test media turns red due to change in color of the indicator phenol red by increased pH through their metabolic activity while most fungi do not.38 Potato flakes agar amended with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol is available as Rapid Sporulating Medium to promote rapid conidiation and colony pigmentation.39 SDA with 1% thiamine can be used for sporulation. The media should be inoculated and kept at room temperature for minimum of weeks. Sporulation usually occurs in 7 – 10 days. Some stains like T.verrucosum may take longer and some stains of T.tonsurans grow better when incubated at 370 C. Identification Identification is based on Colony characteristics in pure culture on SDA Microscopic morphology 1. Colony characteristics39 In observing gross colony morphology, note the color of the surface and the reverse of the colony, the texture of the surface (powdery, granular, wooly, cottony, velvety or glabrous) the topography (elevation, folding, margins, etc.,) and the rate of growth. 2. Microscopic morphology The appearance and arrangement of the conidia and other structures may be determined by tease mounts or slide culture preparation mounted on lactophenol cotton blue. Sometimes special media like corn meal agar, potato glucose agar, lactrimel agar, rapid sporulation medium may be required to stimulate sporulation. a. Tease mount (Lactophenol Cotton Blue) For preparing a mount, a portion of fungal fragment is removed with a spud and is teased on a glass slide in a drop of LCB stain using 2 teasing needles. A cover slip is placed and examined under the microscope. b. Slide culture Microscopic structures are beautifully preserved for study in fine details. A microscopic slide is placed on a bent glass rod at the bottom of a petri dish along with 1-2 cover slips and a filter paper. Petri dishes are closed with their lid, wrapped with craft paper and sterilized using hot air oven. Block of 1x2cm of Sabourauds agar poured into petri dishes up to a depth of 4mm is cut using sterile scalpel blade. The block is transferred to the surface of the glass slide. The agar block is inoculated at four sides using the fungal strain to be identified. The inoculated block is covered with sterile cover slip and incubated at 250 C. A little sterile distilled water is added on the filter paper to avoid drying of agar. When growth appears, a drop of LCB is placed on a slide and cover slip from block is placed over it. Likewise drop of stain is placed on glass slide of the slide culture after removing agar block; fresh cover slip is applied over it and is examined under the microsco pe.38,40 c. Scotch Tape Technique A 4 cm strip of scotch tape No. 800 is looped back on itself with the adhesive side out and held between the thumb and index finger. The adhesive side is pressed firmly to the surface of the fungal colony. It is gently pulled and is placed in a small drop of LCB on a microscopic slide. Physiological tests 1. In vitro hair perforation test This is performed to differentiate between T.mentagrophytes and T.rubrum as well as M.canis and M.equinum. This test is taken positive when dermatophyte species show wedge shaped perforation in hair. It is positive in T.mentagrophytes and M.canis. 2. Urease Test Is done on Christensen’s medium. T.mentagrophytes hydrolyze urea thereby turns medium red while T.rubrum shows negative result. 3. Special nutritional requirements The method employs a casamino acids basal medium i.e., vitamin free [Trichophyton agar, (T1)] and to which various vitamins are added i.e., inositol (T2), thiamine + inositol (T3), thiamine (T4), and nicotinic acid (T5). In addition, the series includes an ammonium nitrate basal medium (T6) to which histidine is added (T7). After inoculation, incubated at room temperature or 370C (if T.verrucosum is suspected) and read after 7 and 14 days. The amount of growth is graded from 0-4+. 4. Growth on Polished Rice Grains This is a useful test for differentiating M.audouinii from M.canis and from other dermatophytes that typically grow and sporulate on rice grains. 5. Temperature tolerance and temperance enhancement Used for distinguishing T.mentagrophytes complex from T.terrestre, T.mentagrophytes from M.persicolor and T.verrucosum from T.schoenleinii. At 370 C, members of T.mentagrophytes complex show good result whereas T.terrestre does not grow and M.persicolor generally grows poorly or not at all; growth of T.verrucosum and T.soudanense is enhanced but that of T.schoenleinii and M.ferruginum is not. 6. Hair bait technique This technique is used for the isolation of geophilic species like M.gypseum from soil. Immunodiagnosis38 Skin tests with dermatophyte antigen trichophytin are used for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Trichophytin is a crude extract from dermatophytes producing positive delayed type hypersensitivity in most of the adults. The patients without delayed type reaction are more susceptible to chronic dermatophytosis. Serological tests Various serological tests like immunodiffusion are done to establish the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Animal pathogenicity It is done on guinea pigs. M.canis, M.gypseum and T.mentagrophytes may be established more readily in laboratory animals as compared to other species. It is done for studying nature of lesions and immunity produced by the organism. Molecular Identification Techniques Methods used are largely based on arbitrarily primed PCR or restriction fragment length polymorphism generated from PCR products. An oligonucleotide probe for T.rubrum has been developed. Nested PCR targeting Chitin Synthase I (CHSI) gene in skin and hair specimen of patients clinically suspected with dermatophytosis is used.41

Hamlets Antic Disposition Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet's Antic Disposition [See Hamlet, II.ii.159-185 in which Polonius proposes to use his daughter Ophelia as a bait for Hamlet, while Polonius and Claudius conceal themselves behind an arras; at which point Hamlet enters unexpectedly and is spoken to by Polonius] Everything that Hamlet here says is capable of an equivocal interpretation reflecting upon Polonius and Ophelia. "Fishmonger," as many commentators have noted, means a pander or procurer; "carrion" was a common expression at that time for "flesh" in the carnal sense; while the quibble in "conception" needs no explaining. And when I asked myself why Hamlet should suddenly call Polonius a bawd and his daughter a prostitute-for that is what it all amounts to-I could discover but one possible answer to my question, namely that "Fishmonger" and the rest follows immediately upon "loose my daughter to him." Nor was this the end of the matter. For what might Hamlet mean by his sarcastic advice to the father not to let the daughter "walke i'th Sunne," or by the reference to the sun breeding in the "carrion" exposed to it? Bearing in mind Hamlet's punning retort "I am too much in the 'son,'" in answer to Claudius's unctuous question at J.ii.64, And now my cousin Hamlet, and my son, How is it that the clouds still hang on you? - and recalling Falstaff's apostrophe to Prince Hal: "Shall the blessed sun of heaven prove a micher and eat blackberries? a question not to be asked. Shall the son of England prove a thief and take purses? a question to be asked," is it not obvious that Hamlet here means by "Sunne" the sun or son of Denmark, the heir apparent, in other words himself? A... ...n to spy upon him has a bearing much wider than his attitude towards Ophelia. Indeed, the manner in which it eases the general working of the plot is strong testimony in its favor. As we shall find, it constitutes the mainspring of the events that follow in acts II and III; it renders the nunnery scene playable and intelligible as never before; it adds all kinds of fresh light and shade to the play scene. In a word, its recovery means the restoration of a highly important piece of the dramatic structure. For the moment, however, let us confine our attention to the matter in hand; and see what it tells us about Hamlet's relations with the daughter of Polonius. Here its value is at once obvious, since it casts its light backward as well as forward and enables us for the first time to see these relations in proper perspective and as a connected whole.