Hell And Heaven Essays - Hell, Christian Eschatology,

Hell And Heaven Matthew Jay Krachunis May 2000 Hell The idea of heaven entices and encourages believers and non-believers alike. It is enjoyable to envision a place of eternal rest and relaxation, in the presence of God and loved ones. Heaven does exist according to the Bible, and is the destination of the believer in Jesus Christ at the completion of life on this earth. What is not encouraging is the fact that there is a place for those whom God chooses will not inherit everlasting life. This place is commonly referred to in the English language as hell. It is not metaphorical nor is it mythological, it is real in every sense of the word; a true literal hell. It is a time as Guthrie says in New Testament Theology, ? to inquire about the state of the lost, a subject which tends to be neglected or else glossed over.....the final state of those who are not in the book of life? (Guthrie p. 887). This will be the focus of this discussion, the eternal state of those individuals whose name will not be found in the book of life. To fully understand the implications of the declaration of a place of eternal damnation, one must first understand what that place is. The common use of the word ?Hell? is considered colloquial and comical to some. In the bible, the idea of the term ?hell' is expressed in more ways than one. The terms Gehenna (Matthew 5:22), Hades (Matthew 11:23), and Lake of Fire (Revelation 20:15) are terms that have been interpreted to believe as hell. The term ?Gehenna' occurs twelve times in the King James version of the bible. It occurs in all three of the synoptic gospels, but most notably in the book of Matthew in which it occurs seven times. Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible defines Gehenna as ? A name for the place (or state) of everlasting punishment:-hell? (Strong's p. 19). Jesus Christ spoke of Gehenna and warned people of it. Jesus said in Matthew chapter five verse thirty, ? for it is better for you that one of the parts of your body perish, than for your whole body to go to hell?. It is as Guthrie says, ? There is no way of avoiding the conclusion that Jesus firmly accepted that there was a counterpart to heaven for those who were condemned before God ? (Guthrie p.888). It is clear that Guthrie believes that there is an eternal and literal hell. Therefore, because Jesus stated it, and Guthrie supported it, shows that it must have a certain importance about it. In Mark chapter nine verses forty-two through fifty, Jesus is talking about the importance of understanding of the implications of a sinful life and where it will lead. In the following passage, the usage of the word ?hell' is interpreted as the Greek word ?Gehenna' and Jesus says, ?If your hand causes you to sin, cut it off. It is better for you to enter life maimed than with two hands to go into hell, where the fire never goes out? (Mark 9:43). It can be construed from this statement that Jesus is adamant about the reality of the conditions in hell. It can be assumed that Jesus is not advocating the actual removal of the hand, but is speaking about the horrifying reality of hell. He is admonishing those who are listening to understand that theoretically, not having one of your hands would be better than spending eternity in hell. As Stamps says in the notes of the Full Life Study Bible, ? the place of unquenchable fire is so terrible that every influence of sin must be opposed and rejected no matter what the cost ?(Stamps p. 1497). Clearly, hell is an eternal existence that would be far worse than a missing limb. Next, Stagg states in The Broadman Bible Commentary that Gehenna was a term that ?came to symbolize the place of judgment for the wicked? (Stagg p. 109). Furthermore, Stagg declares that Gehenna is derived from Hinnom, a valley west of Jerusalem, where the garbage was burned from the city (Stagg p. 109). The aforementioned passages reinforce the idea that hell is not a

The Effects of Injuries on Professional Athletes

The Effects of Injuries on Professional Athletes Free Online Research Papers The Effects of Sports Injuries occur in almost every single sport, not only in those with a high level of contact. Many injuries come from high-intensity sports and are very common, but some may change players for the rest of their lives. Injuries are painful and at that moment they affect players ability to participate but certain injuries sustained can affect them in the long run. These injuries are very dangerous because sometimes athletes dont even realize they have a serious long-term injury until it is too late. Although the injuries people most hear about are the in professional sports, these injuries occur just as much or maybe even more, with teenagers in middle school or high school. Almost one in five high school students in a contact sport suffers a concussion each season and there are about 300,000 sport-related concussions each year (Washburn 1). Clearly this is currently a major issue in the sport community today. Sports like hockey or football usually contribute most of the concussions but other sports such as basketball, boxing, and even gymnastics are reported yearly to have some concussions. Concussions are just one of many injuries that threaten the lives of all athletes. The NFL is responsible for injuries players receive during their NFL careers and should incorporate a medical disability plan for retired players.. It as been proven that young athletes or teenagers are more vulnerable to injuries such as concussions. Concussions have been and still are one of the most dangerous forms of injuries. Since teens are more vulnerable to them, they suffer more concussions than adults (Solomon 44). It is very dangerous for the teen athlete to receive this damage because the younger someone is, the brain and nervous system takes even longer to recover (Washburn 1). The most dangerous thing about concussions are that they are invisible meaning they are undetectable. The only symptoms are headaches, sleepiness or lack of focus. Doctors say that concussions are the most serious injury in sports and the most difficult to diagnose due to the fact that it is invisible (Washburn 2). The dangerous part about not being able to detect a concussion is that players resume playing and are three times more-likely to suffer another. Even if an athlete receives a concussion and returns too soon, that athlete is at risk of receiving the second impact syndrome which causes irreversible brain damage or even fatality. It has been reported that two young athletes in the nation die each year from concussions (Washburn 1). In New Jersey, it is also reported that 10,000 athletes suffer from sport related concussions, and 75,000 more are unreported. Although teenagers are more likely to receive one, many professional athletes were force to end their careers early as a result. Athletes such as Pat LaFontaine (National Hockey League) and Wayne Chrebet (National Football League) are primary examples of what concussions are capable of (Nowinski 63). These athletes may look the same but concussions are known to change personalities as a long-term affect. Most likely the greatest boxer of all time, Muhammad Ali must suffer the life-long consequences of the serious blows to the head (Washburn 2). Autopsys of dead NFL players have shown that concussions may also lead to psychological problems which includes suici de (Chandler 2). These injuries are far more dangerous than most even realize. The injury causes a lot of damage to the brain and can alter ones lifestyle. College football athlete David Showalter received a concussion during warmups before his Rutgers game. Because of this, he claims his grades had plummeted, his memory faltered, and had withdrew from college with partial amnesia. Schools and doctors should be more aware of this serious injury and should do more to prevent or aid those who need, such as Showalter whos life will never again be the same. A major issue today is the medical pension that professional athletes, such as NFL retirees, are not receiving. Only very few NFL players who retired due to a concussion injury are receiving full medical care and only 4 retirees have full life-time benefits from concussions out of 8,000. Player Agent Leigh Steinberg says concussions are an undiagnosed health epidemic and that the reason so many athletes are not receiving aid is because of three reasons. These reasons are that they either dont realize their later-life impairments were caused by the sport, they are too embarrassed to come forward, or the disability regulators need to be enlightened. Many ex-athletes are fighting for more support and feel that it is necessary because the sport is so dangerous. Approximately 61.5% of retired NFL players are receiving benefits, but only half of those receive pension (Chandler 1). It seems very unfair to those who were forced to retire due to injury and receive nothing, especially if they suffer brain damage. These players will not be able to have an occupation to support their families and the NFL should be there to help out. Ex-Minnesota Viking Brent Boyd claims that the NFL is fighting so hard, like how tobacco companies fought like hell to deny any link between smoking and cancer. Coach and Hall of Fame Tight End Mike Ditka is one of the most active retiree to fight for a better retirement system. Ditka feels that the retirement system is far from satisfying and that ex-players need more than what they are receiving now, if anything. Kevin Everett, who played for the Buffalo Bills just this year, received a devastating spinal cord injury that ended his career. Ditka argues for players such as Everett who should receive life-time support. Injured players receive injury settlements which provide less compensation, than those players would have earned if they remained healthy and finished the contract obligations (Sports Illustrated 3). Many feel that athletes now who earn hundreds of millions are set for life. This may be the case for some, but not all. In reality, most athletes have short careers and arent earning hundreds of millions. In fact they have a limited time to earn enough money to earn that will last them through their retirement. Most athletes must find a way to earn money after they retire, especially the injured ones. This is why many athletes need good pension plans to keep themselves along with their families supported if unable to find a job. The NFL pension plan was created in 1959. Back then the salaries were a lot different than today of course, but still not enough. The plan covered all active players that have been in the league for a minimum of 4 years. After 1992, the minimum number of years was decreased to only 3 years and full benefits were accessible to all at the age of 55 with minimum payout of 200 a month for each season played. Veteran Darrel Green, retired in 2002 after 20 seasons, will only receive $5,805 a month, which at this day and age is certainly not enough to support a full family and health concerns. Another veteran, Mike Webster, requested for full disability benefits in 1999 and was rejected. Because of this, Webster was forced into debt and out on the streets, homeless for a short time. Unfortunately Webster had died in 2002 as he suffered sever brain damage from playing in the NFL. After years of legal work, Websters estate sued the NFL and received $1.18 million. Although they won, it seemed too little, too late as Webster was denied the help and financial aid he should rightfully have gotten and died (Helfand 1). The NFL is not the only sport that has a retirement pension plan. The NBA also started one just 6 years after the NFL did. Just like the National Football League, the National Basketball Association based its pension on how many years the athletes have been in the league for. Benefits went mostly to those who have been in the NBA for over 3 years in 1965 but was revised in 1988 and extended coverage to the athletes who played at least 5 seasons before 1965. Those who played before 1965 received at least 100 dollars a month and those after 1965 received more than $200 a month. Sadly those numbers have not increased greatly over the years, it was moved to over $306 a month to all players equally (Helfand 1). As each week goes by, it seems as if there is more and more talk about pensions and benefits in the NFL. Mike Ditka is definitely one of the more vocal Hall of Famers, but by his side stand many retirees fighting with him for a greater cause. With the average NFL career lasting only roughly 3 seasons and some of those ending careers caused by injury, the pension system as of now will not fully support an athlete and his family (Sports Illustrated 1). Times have changed since the pensions were implemented and finances have changed as well. Necessities cost a lot more than what they used to and the pension plan should be updated to work hand in hand with todays finances. Many players may seem like they are living the sweet life, but when their short careers end, they dont have much to fall back on. Most retired players seem to land occupations that deal with football, like coaching, commentating or even scouting. If not, popular jobs are finance or real estate which brings in good money. It is easier said than done, as most NFL players dont have the education, experience or skills that ca n get them that job (Sports Illustrated 2). A certain percentage of the retired players arent so lucky as to having a chance at an after-football job. The few retired athletes who could have landed jobs before their NFL careers, now cannot due to severe brain damage or paralysis. These are the injuries that will ruin someones life and without the NFLs support, they will live in poverty for the rest of their lives. The effects of injuries in sports could be devastating. Although athletes may be lucky enough to overcome injuries physically, it can always come back to hurt them in the long run mentally or financially. Without pensions or benefits to help aid athletes financially, there is not much that can be done for support. In the near future, something must be done to change pension policies so that everyone is supported, not just a select few. Mike Ditka and followers will eventually succeed to changing retirement plans for athletes such as the NFLs for the better. Research Papers on The Effects of Injuries on Professional AthletesTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Hockey GamePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Effects of Television Violence on ChildrenIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in Capital

Nutrition and Illness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Nutrition and Illness - Research Paper Example The changes in dietary patterns in the population, increase in the use of tobacco and reduced engagement in physical activities have contributed to chronic illnesses, which are related to poor dietary habits. This paper gives a critical analysis on the nutrition practices of the world populations in relation to their contribution to the prevalence of chronic illnesses in addition to the implications on the nursing practice. Statement of purpose The chronic illnesses, which result from poor dietary habits, include obesity, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, and some types of cancer, stroke, and hypertension. These illnesses are caused by the changes in dietary life styles in the population and thus leading to disability. Death would also result from these conditions when they become worse. These illnesses affect negatively on the economy because of the high health budget due the loss of human resources (Daniel et al, 2011). Scientific evidence demonstrates that nutrition plays a major role in occurrence of chronic illnesses (Sticher, Smith & Davidson, 2010). Moreover, the alteration of a persons’ diet and changes in the physical activity plays a significant role in determining whether the individual will develop the illness later in life. However, it is notable that even though research on the relationship between diet and illnesses shows a contribution to chronic illnesses, policies and practices have not be en changed to ensure a healthy society. In the developing economies, the food policies are focused on preventing under nutrition but the focus on the chronic illnesses, which are caused by poor health, is neglected. Review of the Literature The energy balance equation determines the weight of an individual. The rate at which the body spends energy determines the health of that person (Burns, Gross & Zanin, 2010). When there is more consumption of calories and fats the chances of one becoming obese increases. The possibility of being obese is facilitated by food consumption, which is not proportionate to the energy breakdown. This is what leads to energy imbalance in the body, which is the basis for chronic obesity. The lifestyles of people have been changed by civilization and urbanization. There is reduced physical activity in urban areas as compared to the rural communities in the developing nations. The energy expenditure by the body is reduced drastically in a sedentary lifestyl e. The work environment in urban centers for example makes an individual confined to the work desk. Moreover, competition among businesses has led to long working hours, which does not allow people, time to engage in physical exercise. The prevalence of obesity is greater in developed countries as compared to the developing economies. In addition, urban centers have more obese people in comparison to the rural environments. This is a result to the differences in lifestyles. In developing countries and rural communities, the lifestyles of individuals promote physical activities, which encourage consumption of energy by the body. There has been a global epidemic of obesity and overweight because of the modern lifestyles which advance storage of fat in the body. Reduced physical activity is demonstrated by the fact that people drive to work. This promotes conversion of nutrients into fat for storage. Reduced physical activities eventually lead to accumulation of fat in the body that ca uses obesity and overw

Culture and Diversity in Latin America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Culture and Diversity in Latin America - Essay Example Much of what is now taken as their culture originated from the Portuguese and the Spaniards who conquered the land. Their colonization blurred and made complicated the cultural and racial mixture that existed at the time. A great diversity within followed with the influences of other European countries, Africans and Indians being ingrained in both the culture and the language. In order to organize the diversity created by their stay, the Spaniards formed hierarchies with the varying ethnic groups through ranking. This did not sit well with many writers and artists whose feelings for the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors are quite ambivalent. Said racial hierarchies are still present and is in fact still very strong during the 19th and 20th centuries. Thought the media, the arts and other intellectuals, e.g., writers and artists, the Latin American identities are reshaped particularly those of the people with the mixed racial background and the indigenous Africans. The interplay of various cultures from different countries played a huge part in forming the Latin American culture. This is what is represented by Chapter 14 of the book. It made mention of the the â€Å"Colossus of the North†, no other than the United States, which had an effect especially on the cultural production of the region in the 20th century. It also discussed the ironic fact that Brazilian modernism relied on the European nations for its inspiration yet argued that its own artists should be able to create artwork that is uniquely Brazilian. Also in the 20th century, the communist parties in the Latin American region, instead of gaining notoriety, gained much appeal to many artists. All these facts as written in the subject chapter brought to light what made up the culture that the Latin Americans have and why though diversity is present.

Holistic Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Holistic Nursing - Essay Example In holistic nursing care, delivery of healing focuses on the relationship with the person, which contrasts with traditional nursing that has an orientation towards diseases and their cures. Holistic nursing emphasizes self-care practices, minding others and therapeutic use of the self to facilitate healing and creating patterns of wellness in others. The holistic nurse (HN), therefore, catalyzes and channels the healing process by respecting individual encounters about health, health beliefs and ideals. The caring process attends to physiological, psychological and spiritual needs of the patients contrary to traditional treatment methods. The HN supplements and enriches the nursing practice and consequently enables individuals to achieve their maximum healing potential (Mariano, 2007). The HN addresses the principles of respect and holism. Human beings differ from one individual to the other. The HN recognizes the totality of an individual’s (body, mind, emotion, and spirit) and their connections to the environment (culture, belief systems, relationships, and context). The second principle is choice and autonomy. Health is an equilibrium and improvement of well-being and not just absence of disease. Therefore, the key focus is on health promotion, prevention of diseases, health restoration, and relief of symptoms. The HN acknowledges that health is dynamic and constantly changes from a state of well being to illness. Therefore, the HN empowers the clients to make the right choices to promote their health. The third attribute in HN practice is autonomy. Nursing practice is a science that uses theory, critical thinking, reflection, and research. The nurse is to respect and give the clients the freedom to make their choices regarding their health irrespective of their knowledge and experiences. The holistic art of nursing stipulates nurses should integrate care, responsibility and deliver spiritual care in nursing.

The Strength Of Destination: Jamaica

The Strength Of Destination: Jamaica To effectively manage and market destination Jamaica for visitors appeal, close attention is required as it relates to the advertising and selling of the destination likewise the maintenance of the tourism product to attract visitors. Promote special events that can attract visitors throughout the year and enhance the image of the destination overseas. The Jamaica Tourist Board can promote special events like Reggae Summer Festival and Jazz and Blues Concert. These events attract thousands of international visitors from all over the world annually. However through this market our music is marketed throughout the world and has put reggae music atop the charts internationally. This special event has also attracted artist, producers, promoters and visitors which increase the number of visitors entering the country within that given period. Exploit the advantages of internet technology to market Jamaica. There are different reasons why people exploit the internet technology to advertise and market a destination or a distinctive product. One of the major advantages is that advertising on the internet is cost efficient and is more conducive to users of the World Wide Web. Millions of people are online each day and therefore they can view advertisements whenever they want. In addition, it allows for target marketing which is more effective on the internet than anywhere else. Likewise, internet marketing allows for interaction and feedback from viewers through surveys, reports, tweets etc. and therefore this also help to overcome barriers of distance. Promote a greater awareness locally of the importance of tourism in the Jamaica economy through the local communication programs. The Jamaica Tourist Board can assist local residence of the significance of becoming more aware of tourism in the Jamaica economy by launching a Jamaica tourism awareness program that will not only educate locals about tourism but also inform them about the importance of preserving the environment for sustainable development. The importance of tourism in the Jamaica economy can be brought across to locals through other forms of communication programs such as seminars, workshops and cultural trade shows. Promote Jamaica to Jamaicans The program that is used to promote Jamaica to Jamaicans is called experience Jamaica. Although we are citizens of the beautiful destination Jamaica not very often do we explore the opportunities of experiencing the different aspects of tourism offered throughout destination Jamaica due to cost constrain. However this program is designed with the aim of giving locals such privileges. All attractions and special hotels within the destination is packaged at a special reduce rate and sold to locals allowing them the opportunity to experience Jamaica affordably. Achieve a greater integration with Jamaica Vacation and Jamaica Reservation Service so that the combined efforts of these agencies will have full impact on the market place. The Jamaica Vacation is the company that is responsible for getting airlift into the country and likewise the Jamaica Reservation Service both companies combined together will ensure that visitors are secured for both airlift and hotel accommodation into the country. SWOT analysis of the techniques that were used in question 1. The SWOT analysis can simply be described as the strength, weakness, opportunities and threats which focus on the micro and macro environment. However, according to the Jamaica Tourist Board, the SWOT analysis is the fundamental strategy which is used to accentuate the positives, reduce the negatives as far as possible, exploit the opportunities, and at the same time, recognize the threats. STRENGTH OF DESTINATION JAMAICA The Flag, Jamaica flag is the most recognized throughout the world because of its unique combination of colours with each depicting a different significant meaning. Black, representing the hardship of the people of the nation. Green, the luscious mountains. And last but not least Gold, the magnificent sunshine. The Climate: unlike other countries that experience snow and weather of different kind, destination Jamaica is blessed to have tropical weather all year round which attract visitor to our island. The Language: Jamaica is the premier English speaking destination throughout the Caribbean with a blend of creole which is so unique that all visitors who are vacationing in Jamaica will want to learn the language. The Geographic Location: Jamaica on the Greater Antilles is situated 150 kilometers south of Cuba and 160 kilometers west of Haiti. Jamaica is the largest of the West Indian island. It has an area of 11,424 square kilometers, and is 243 kilometers long. Jamaica is in close proximity to the United States. Special Events: Jamaica host some of the best events throughout the year such as Jamaica jazz and blues festival in the month of January, Bob Marley Birthday Celebrations in the month of February, Soul Rebellion Spring Break Party held in March, Trelawny Yam Festival in April, 20th Annual Jamaica Product Exchange (JAPEX) in May, Ocho Rios Jazz Festival in June, Portland Jerk Festival in July, Mello-Go-Round, Independence and Emancipation Celebration in August, Wine and Food Festival in September, Jamaica Product Exchange 11 in October, Port Royal Music Festival and Restaurant Week in November and New Years Harbour Festival and Fireworks in December. This goes to show some of the most popularly listed events that attract visitors to destination Jamaica on numerous occasions throughout the year. Accessibility: Destination Jamaica is easily accessible by air at anyone of our three international airports. Donald Sangsters International Airport in Montego Bay. Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston and the Ian Flemings International Airport in Boscobel. It is also accessible by land and by sea at anyone of our three cruise ship pier whether it is Montego Bay, Falmouth or Ocho Rios. Easily Trained Staff: wherever we go we easily adapt to changes and do not require much training to effectively carry out a given task. Culture: The rich and diverse culture and heritage of Jamaica is renowned throughout the world. Jamaica multicultural history is best summarized in the national motto: Out of many, one people. Tourism Product: the 3 S which makes up the tourism product sun, sea and sand. Agricultural opportunities: According to the Jamaica observer published April 30, 2009 Jamaica outstanding performance at the Beijing Olympics brought new focus on Jamaican food yam and tubers in particular which in some quarter was credited for Usain Bolts meteoric and historic achievements. In addition, imploring investors to take advantage of the opportunity to invest in Jamaica. Culture and historical heritage: Jamaica culture and historical heritage aptly describes the music, cuisine, tradition, art and clothing, religion and folk lore. Bauxite and Alumina: considered the most important sector of Jamaican economy accounting for about 10% GDP, Enabling Jamaica to become the leading bauxite producer in the world. Renewable energy sources supply: The country has the advantages of utilizing renewable energy sources which comprise wind energy, solar thermal, wave energy and gas from animal waste just to name a few. Focus on prudent fiscal management: maintain fiscal records and procedures of the agency that provides protection for the resources of the agency as well as records and procedures which generate economy effectiveness and operation efficiency. Tax Administration Development Airlift, including the national airline Caribbean Airline formerly Air Jamaica WEAKNESS OF DESTINATION JAMAICA Image in the market place, unsafe destination Insufficient schedule air service from some markets for example Europe Lack of man-made attractions/development of natural attractions Lack of enough large facilities to adequately host large meetings and conventions over 300 people Crime and culture of indiscipline and lawlessness Poor human rights system Poor representation of electors Low literacy and poor school governance Poverty economic dependence Inefficient court system High cost of energy Poor organization of small businesses Unfriendly tax policies Political systems Inefficient Bureaucracy Poor infrastructure Inaccessible garrison communities OPPORTUNITIES OF DESTINATION JAMAICA Global recovery increased markets Import substitutions opportunities Renewable energy opportunities Poor structure and dependency means greater opportunities to grow Public sector rationalization Tax reform and simplification Domestic tourism Cruise passengers as potential stopovers THREATS OF DESTINATION JAMAICA Pollution of Environment Visitors Harassment Global Recovery inflation, higher interest rates Rising oil and commodity prices Focus on more investor friendly emerging economies upcoming elections fiscal appetite for revenue Inadequate Health Care The value of the Tourism Marketing Plan The Tourism Marketing Plan, establish growth based on a sustainable market position in line with market trends which helps to enhance the visitors experience through mobilizing investment by increasing the types and quality of attractions. This gives awareness in the market place. The marketing plan may be part of the business plan. A solid marketing strategy is the foundation of a well written marketing plan. Thus the value of the plan is to provide a strategic vision for the development of the industry and a framework through which that strategic vision can be realized. Three processes involved in developing the Tourism Marketing Plan Introduction: set out the main theme of the Tourism Marketing Plan. It starts with a discussion of what constitute sustainable tourism development and then outline the main strategic objectives of the marketing plan and the measure designed to achieve them. Sustainable Tourism: the aim of the marketing plan to move the industry on a path of sustainability which includes a key finding of the Diagnostic and Strategic options. Strategic Objectives: to ensure consensus of the future direction of the industry and the strategic objectives set for it. The diagnostic and strategic options report set out three strategic options for planning the future growth of the industry. The three options are: Accelerating growth so that tourism can play the lead role in economic development envisaged in the national industrial policy (NIP) with particular regard to serving as a lead sector of the economy earning foreign exchange and creating employment. Enhancing visitors experience, through developing and satisfying diversifying the product, to improve the long term competitive positioning of the industry and to achieve self-sustaining growth based on word- of mouth referrals and high repeat visitors. Achieving sustainability through improving socio-economic integration, by putting communities at the Centre of the tourism planning process and by helping to preserve Jamaicas rich heritage of the national and built environment and its unique history and culture. Five external organizations that could assist the Jamaica Tourist Board with implementation of a Destination Marketing Plan Immunology: Techniques and Functions Immunology: Techniques and Functions a) Acquired resistance The efficient and protective response against dermatophytosis is a cell-mediated response of the DTH, characterized namely by the action of macrophages as effector cells, interferon-ÃŽ ± secretion from type 1 T-helper lymphocytes and by some key cytokines like interferon-ÃŽ ³ (IFN-ÃŽ ³). Immune detection and chemotaxis occur via low-molecular weight chemotactic factors or alternative complement pathway activation. However, the immune response that is raised, and especially the degree of inflammation, varies according to the dermatophyte species, the host species and the pathophysiological status of the host.26 In general, the zoophilic species cause more inflammatory infections which may heal spontaneously and result in relative resistance to reinfection. The anthropophilic species usually cause more chronic, less circumscribed infections which result in less resistance to reinfection.26 b) Hypersensitivity (Trichophytin Reaction) The trichophytin reaction is the term used for cutaneous hypersensitivity to dermatophyte antigens injected intradermally in humans. Both immediate- and delayed-type reactions occur, but the latter is most often associated with infection.26 Trichophyton species can be isolated from patients with deep-seated trichophytosis in a liquid medium consisting of beef extract, peptone, and maltose. After 2 to 3 months at room temperature, the growth is ground and filtered.26 In patients with deep-seated trichophytosis, parenteral injection of trichophytin caused signs and symptoms analogous to those induced in tuberculous patients by injection of tuberculin: general toxic reactions including elevated temperature, perspiration, loss of appetite, headache, and pain in the joints. There was inflammation, formation of pustules, and burning at the injection site.26 Dermatophytid reactions (4–5% of patients) are inflammatory eczematous allergic skin reactions at sites distant from primary fungal infection. Being KOH and culture negative, it is associated with a DTH response to trichophytin test and may involve a local DTH response to systemically absorbedfungal antigen.26 c) Antibodies; Antibody formation does not seem to be protective. The dermatophyteantigen is thought to be processed by epidermal Langerhans cells and presented in local lymph nodes to T lymphocytes which proliferate, migrate to the infected site, and produce inflammation. The epidermal barrier becomes permeable to transferring and migrating cells leading to spontaneous resolution of lesions. Trichophytin skin test is now positive and clearing of second infection will be more rapid. Rivalier showed that a dermatophytic infection in humans results in a relative resistance to subsequent infection called‘le phenomene de la reaction acceleree’or‘le phenomene de Bruno Bloch’, mainly by the inflammatory forms (kerion), caused by zoophilic species, but not always follow the more chronic anthropophilic infections. Fungi which do not invade the hair follicle do not seem to give rise to an equivalent immunity when growing in the horny layer of the smooth skin. In contrast, a study c ould not demonstrate such acquired immunity in experimentalT. rubruminfection of smooth skin.26 d) Non-Specific Resistance Natural defenses against dermatophytes depend on immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms. Many nonspecific factors may account for natural resistance to infection. It is mainly related to the serum factor, a fungistatic substance in serum of normal individuals and animals. This factor is believed to limit the growth of the dermatophytes to the keratinized layers, i.e., prevent their invasion of living tissues.26 Host factors that help limiting the infection to keratinized tissue include their preference for cooler skin temperatures than the normal body temperature, serum inhibitory factors(beta-globulins, ferritin and other metal chelators) binding to iron essential for growth of dermatophytes. Unsaturated transferrin inhibits the growth of dermatophytes by binding to the hyphae. A growth modifying, ÃŽ ±2 macroglobulin keratin inhibitor, has also been identified in serum. The natural resistance of scalp to 1. Direct Microscopic Examination Direct microscopy provides an early and reasonably reliable method of diagnosing or excluding fungal infections. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) preparation Direct mounts are made by mixing a small portion of the material in 2-3 drops of 10% KOH on a microscope slide. A cover slip is placed over KOH specimen and the slide is gently heated. The slide is allowed to cool and ‘ripen’ for few minutes before examination. The KOH ‘cleans’ the specimen by digesting proteinaceous debris, bleaching pigments and loosening sclerotic material without damaging fungus, making hyphal forms easier to see. The slides are examined under bright field microscope with low condenser, first under 10x and then under 40x. The hyphae stand out as highly refractile long undulating branched septate threads. At times these hyphae fragment into rounded or barrel shaped arthrospores. The arthrospores are outside the hair shaft in chains in a mosaic pattern or intrapilar depending on the species involved and whether it is endothrix or ectothrix. 20% KOH are used for nail samples. In case the nails do not soften satisfactorily, the slide may be kept in an incubator at 370C for 1 hour. Hair should be examined as soon as possible after mounting. Some modifications of KOH preparation Addition of 5% glycerin to 25% KOH or NaOH prevents desiccation. 20% KOH dissolved in 40% DMSO helps in rapid penetration and maceration of tissue without resorting to heating.36 Addition of Parker Superchrome Blue-black ink to KOH solution selectively colors the hyphae making them more prominent. Sodium sulphide may also be used as a clearing agent. Eosin 1% may be added to KOH to stain the keratin. It lends a pinkish background while fungal elements remain unstained.37 Modified Parker’s ink and 1% Eosin method: Eosin 1% is added to Parker’s ink in 2:1 proportion. The mixture is painted over the affected site and allowed to dry. Apply cellophane tape, gently press, remove it, stick over glass slide and observe under microscope. Background stains pink and fungal elements stain blue. 2. Calcofluor white stain Calcofluor white is a fluorescent brightener which selectively binds to chitin and cellulose in the fungal cell wall. It fluoresces light blue color when exposed to ultraviolet light (346-365nm). 3. Acridine Orange38 A drop of 0.01% acridine orange may be added to KOH and observed under fluorescent microscope. 4. PAS (Periodic Acid Schiff)38 Nail clipping stained with PAS is more rewarding as compared to KOH wet mount. The polysaccharides of fungi are oxidized by periodic acid to form aldehyde groups that yield magenta coloured compound with Schiff’s fuchsin sulfide. 5. Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain38 This stain works on the principle of liberation of aldehyde groups and their subsequent identification by reduced silver method. The aldehyde reduces methenamine silver nitrate complex resulting in brown black staining fungal cell wall due to deposition of reduced silver wherever aldehydes are located. Culture The most common media used for the isolation of dermatophytes is Sabourauds Dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide to inhibit bacterial and saprobic fungal contamination, incubated at three temperatures i.e., 250 C, 300C and 370C Dermatophyte test medium (DTM) is used for the presumptive identification of dermatophytes. On incubation at 250C, the dermatophyte test media turns red due to change in color of the indicator phenol red by increased pH through their metabolic activity while most fungi do not.38 Potato flakes agar amended with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol is available as Rapid Sporulating Medium to promote rapid conidiation and colony pigmentation.39 SDA with 1% thiamine can be used for sporulation. The media should be inoculated and kept at room temperature for minimum of weeks. Sporulation usually occurs in 7 – 10 days. Some stains like T.verrucosum may take longer and some stains of T.tonsurans grow better when incubated at 370 C. Identification Identification is based on Colony characteristics in pure culture on SDA Microscopic morphology 1. Colony characteristics39 In observing gross colony morphology, note the color of the surface and the reverse of the colony, the texture of the surface (powdery, granular, wooly, cottony, velvety or glabrous) the topography (elevation, folding, margins, etc.,) and the rate of growth. 2. Microscopic morphology The appearance and arrangement of the conidia and other structures may be determined by tease mounts or slide culture preparation mounted on lactophenol cotton blue. Sometimes special media like corn meal agar, potato glucose agar, lactrimel agar, rapid sporulation medium may be required to stimulate sporulation. a. Tease mount (Lactophenol Cotton Blue) For preparing a mount, a portion of fungal fragment is removed with a spud and is teased on a glass slide in a drop of LCB stain using 2 teasing needles. A cover slip is placed and examined under the microscope. b. Slide culture Microscopic structures are beautifully preserved for study in fine details. A microscopic slide is placed on a bent glass rod at the bottom of a petri dish along with 1-2 cover slips and a filter paper. Petri dishes are closed with their lid, wrapped with craft paper and sterilized using hot air oven. Block of 1x2cm of Sabourauds agar poured into petri dishes up to a depth of 4mm is cut using sterile scalpel blade. The block is transferred to the surface of the glass slide. The agar block is inoculated at four sides using the fungal strain to be identified. The inoculated block is covered with sterile cover slip and incubated at 250 C. A little sterile distilled water is added on the filter paper to avoid drying of agar. When growth appears, a drop of LCB is placed on a slide and cover slip from block is placed over it. Likewise drop of stain is placed on glass slide of the slide culture after removing agar block; fresh cover slip is applied over it and is examined under the microsco pe.38,40 c. Scotch Tape Technique A 4 cm strip of scotch tape No. 800 is looped back on itself with the adhesive side out and held between the thumb and index finger. The adhesive side is pressed firmly to the surface of the fungal colony. It is gently pulled and is placed in a small drop of LCB on a microscopic slide. Physiological tests 1. In vitro hair perforation test This is performed to differentiate between T.mentagrophytes and T.rubrum as well as M.canis and M.equinum. This test is taken positive when dermatophyte species show wedge shaped perforation in hair. It is positive in T.mentagrophytes and M.canis. 2. Urease Test Is done on Christensen’s medium. T.mentagrophytes hydrolyze urea thereby turns medium red while T.rubrum shows negative result. 3. Special nutritional requirements The method employs a casamino acids basal medium i.e., vitamin free [Trichophyton agar, (T1)] and to which various vitamins are added i.e., inositol (T2), thiamine + inositol (T3), thiamine (T4), and nicotinic acid (T5). In addition, the series includes an ammonium nitrate basal medium (T6) to which histidine is added (T7). After inoculation, incubated at room temperature or 370C (if T.verrucosum is suspected) and read after 7 and 14 days. The amount of growth is graded from 0-4+. 4. Growth on Polished Rice Grains This is a useful test for differentiating M.audouinii from M.canis and from other dermatophytes that typically grow and sporulate on rice grains. 5. Temperature tolerance and temperance enhancement Used for distinguishing T.mentagrophytes complex from T.terrestre, T.mentagrophytes from M.persicolor and T.verrucosum from T.schoenleinii. At 370 C, members of T.mentagrophytes complex show good result whereas T.terrestre does not grow and M.persicolor generally grows poorly or not at all; growth of T.verrucosum and T.soudanense is enhanced but that of T.schoenleinii and M.ferruginum is not. 6. Hair bait technique This technique is used for the isolation of geophilic species like M.gypseum from soil. Immunodiagnosis38 Skin tests with dermatophyte antigen trichophytin are used for the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Trichophytin is a crude extract from dermatophytes producing positive delayed type hypersensitivity in most of the adults. The patients without delayed type reaction are more susceptible to chronic dermatophytosis. Serological tests Various serological tests like immunodiffusion are done to establish the diagnosis of dermatophytosis. Animal pathogenicity It is done on guinea pigs. M.canis, M.gypseum and T.mentagrophytes may be established more readily in laboratory animals as compared to other species. It is done for studying nature of lesions and immunity produced by the organism. Molecular Identification Techniques Methods used are largely based on arbitrarily primed PCR or restriction fragment length polymorphism generated from PCR products. An oligonucleotide probe for T.rubrum has been developed. Nested PCR targeting Chitin Synthase I (CHSI) gene in skin and hair specimen of patients clinically suspected with dermatophytosis is used.41

Hamlets Antic Disposition Essay -- Shakespeare Hamlet

Hamlet's Antic Disposition [See Hamlet, II.ii.159-185 in which Polonius proposes to use his daughter Ophelia as a bait for Hamlet, while Polonius and Claudius conceal themselves behind an arras; at which point Hamlet enters unexpectedly and is spoken to by Polonius] Everything that Hamlet here says is capable of an equivocal interpretation reflecting upon Polonius and Ophelia. "Fishmonger," as many commentators have noted, means a pander or procurer; "carrion" was a common expression at that time for "flesh" in the carnal sense; while the quibble in "conception" needs no explaining. And when I asked myself why Hamlet should suddenly call Polonius a bawd and his daughter a prostitute-for that is what it all amounts to-I could discover but one possible answer to my question, namely that "Fishmonger" and the rest follows immediately upon "loose my daughter to him." Nor was this the end of the matter. For what might Hamlet mean by his sarcastic advice to the father not to let the daughter "walke i'th Sunne," or by the reference to the sun breeding in the "carrion" exposed to it? Bearing in mind Hamlet's punning retort "I am too much in the 'son,'" in answer to Claudius's unctuous question at J.ii.64, And now my cousin Hamlet, and my son, How is it that the clouds still hang on you? - and recalling Falstaff's apostrophe to Prince Hal: "Shall the blessed sun of heaven prove a micher and eat blackberries? a question not to be asked. Shall the son of England prove a thief and take purses? a question to be asked," is it not obvious that Hamlet here means by "Sunne" the sun or son of Denmark, the heir apparent, in other words himself? A... ...n to spy upon him has a bearing much wider than his attitude towards Ophelia. Indeed, the manner in which it eases the general working of the plot is strong testimony in its favor. As we shall find, it constitutes the mainspring of the events that follow in acts II and III; it renders the nunnery scene playable and intelligible as never before; it adds all kinds of fresh light and shade to the play scene. In a word, its recovery means the restoration of a highly important piece of the dramatic structure. For the moment, however, let us confine our attention to the matter in hand; and see what it tells us about Hamlet's relations with the daughter of Polonius. Here its value is at once obvious, since it casts its light backward as well as forward and enables us for the first time to see these relations in proper perspective and as a connected whole.

Beauty therapy

Alexandrine – absorbed by melanin, Is (near Infrared) Is most effective when used on pale skin and Isn't safe to use on darker skin. It is Mann visible light wave length. It has a pulsed dried array of 810 NM for pale to medium skin types. Alexandrine has an observed color change from green to red.Alexandrine results from small scale replacement of a aluminum by chromium Ions In the crystal structure, which causes Intense absorption of the light over a narrow range of wave lengths in the yellow region of the spectrum' (Wisped) [http://en. M. Wisped. Org/wick/Chrysler/alexandrine] Alexandrine is a trochaic gem, which exhibits green, red, and orangey-yellow colors. Ruby- it Is deeper and Is 694. NM In visible wavelength and absorbed by melanin, and isn't used for hair removal any longer as It Is only safe to use on clients with very pale skin. Ruby laser is a solid laser.Its synthetic medium is ruby crystal. Ruby lasers use short pulses of red light. Diode – is a semicond uctor laser that is electronically pumped. They have the largest wave length selection, emits Mann near Infrared wavelength OCW and Is absorbed by melanin. Laser diodes are continuously emitting diodes from infrared to red, green or blue. Pulsed laser diodes or Plus have wavelengths of Mann and annum. Mann are single emitters. annum are eye safe. A diode is a semi conductive metal which allows energy to travel In one direction. An : Wag ? a crystal, and the most common form of laser.They typically emit a light wave length of annum in the infrared. They can operate in continuous or pulsed mode. These lasers can be used to treat numerous medical conditions such as ophthalmology, cataracts surgery, acute angle-closure glaucoma, benign or malignant lesions, skin cancers, as well as hair removal or vascular defects. Wag lasers have been used in manufacturing such as engraving and etching. PL – or intense pulsed light, shoots 2 or 3 pulses at the same target with a specific delay b etween the pulses. The spot size or width of the laser beam affects treatment.Theoretically, the width of the Ideal beam Is about 4 times as wide as the target Is deep' (Wisped). PL use effluence or energy which is measured in joules. Epidermal cooling with the PL means that higher fluencies can be used and treatment is less painful. Light Heat Energy (broadband spectrum systems) – light is converted into heat which targets various chromospheres In the skin, such as hemoglobin, melanin, and water. ‘Definition – Intense pulsed light describes the use of Intense pulses of non-coherent light distributed over a range of wave lengths from Mann to annum for removal of hair and other purposed.A related, but distinct technique is hair removal; the primary deference Is that laser treatments uses generated coherent ND monochromatic light' (Wisped). Question 2 – Investigate the various methods of skin cooling in relation to laser and I OFF Cooling gels are water base d and are applied to the skin pre-treatment and where necessary after treatment. The gel works by evaporation. Ice packs may be applied to the area pre and post treatment, but not directly to the skin as ice burns can occur, Wrap the ice pack in a thin disposable covering like bed roll.Cryogenic sprays or cold air is generated and directed to the area of treatment. Both are pre and post treatment. Cryogenic cooling is built into some systems. Simultaneous contact cooling is available on systems that operate through a scanner. It facilitates pre and post treatment cooling, and simultaneous cooling with lasing. This method speeds up treatment time by a series of laser pulses emitting in quick succession in a controlled area. Question 3 – describe the recommended time intervals between treatments for each are and give reasons for this.How do you evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment. Investigate reasons for poor hair removal results. Describe the recommended time intervals between treatments for skin rejuvenation and give reasons for this. It is necessary that subsequent treatments are given at regular intervals. The hair needs to be at the engage stage of growth for optimum results to be achieved. Time intervals are normally as follows: Area Eyebrows Upper lip Chin Armpit Legs Arms Bikini Retirement in weeks 5-7 3-5 6-8 6-12 8-10 Engage is the active growth state of the hair cycle.The follicle has reformed, the hair bulb is developing surrounding the dermal papilla and new hair forms growing from the matrix in the bulb. ‘Because of the cyclical nature of hair growth the follicles are always at different stages of their own growth cycle. When hair is removed, therefore, the hair will not grow back at the same time. For this reason, waxing or threading can appear to reduce the quantity of hair growth. ‘ (the Foundations Beauty Therapy 2 by Lorraine Mormon). Evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment can be accessed through photographs.I t is good practice to take photographs before and after each treatment. Treatment records keeping notes on progress and observations. Client feedback is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment. Clients can provide information such as how often they are shaving, if the hair is feeling finer, hinging out or if the hair is no longer growing back. Some of the reasons for poor hair removal results could be that the client has in increased amount of melanin in the skin causing lower energy effluence or Joule setting.The hair growth cycle may not be at the engage stage meaning that the hair is not active. It could be at the telling or cottage stage. The client may have topical hair removal between treatments. Adapted for each individual client. Clients may have tattoos. We do not work over tattoos as the pigment of ink may heat up and cause a burn or reduce in color or quality. We can use a white pencil or void the area. Clients skin types and hair color effect how each treatment is adapted, as the lighter the skin the lower the melanin content and the darker the hair is the higher the melanin content.Therefore, the best results are on a light skin with a dark hair. We can increase or decrease the pulse effluence and Joules to suit the clients skin type and hair color. Question 5 – Give a personal reflection on how you have felt from the start of using laser/lap to how you feel on going out into the industry. You can include how you feel you have developed and how it will affect you in the future. When I first started working with lasers all of the information was quite scary, it wasn't until I started to break down every piece of information that I began to understand how and why PL and lasers work.I have been working out in the industry with PL and used various pieces of PL machinery with companies such as Crystal Medical, Linton, Pulsar and Skin First. I have found some equipment to be more effective than others. The most effective machi ne I have found to be in the Linton Illuminate Advanced which is currently used by the NASH. Using a piece of equipment that is being used by the NASH instill confidence in me, and also in my clients because if the NASH are using such a piece of equipment, in my mind it would be deemed to be medically compliant, tested, reliable and give effective results.In the future I would like to see a more efficient method of hair removal or perhaps a machine that can cover a large area in each treatment. I would also like to see the regulations on who can use PL or laser machines tightened as currently anyone can have independent training via the companies who supply the machines over a couple of days. I believe this is not enough knowledge or experience to be let loose on members of the public. Beauty Therapy As each and every one of us is different, so too is our skin. The various combinations are normal, dry, oily, combination, and sensitive and aged skin. In normal skin, the oil glands produce moderate sebum, whereas dry skin is caused by under or inactive glands that do not produce enough sebum to keep the skin naturally lubricated. Oily skin is due to too much sebum, resulting in skin that has a greasy texture and appears shiny. Combination skin is the most common as most people have dry parts & oily parts; known as the T-Zone.The sensitive skin is felt to be more of a skin condition rather than a skin type as it refers to the delicacy of the skin rather than its type as it is a reaction to certain cosmetics and other matierals. (Facial Skin Types, 2003-2008) 2. When treating skin it is very important to analyse what the skin type is beforehand. In determining the best course of action to take, clinical research has shown that genetics, hair color, eye color, ethnicity and true skin color all play into the skin’s response to injury, including some treatments such as dermabrasion and microdermabrasion, laser resurfacing and chemical peels.The aesthetician is able to determine which clients may have a greater or lesser risk of complications, including scars or pigmentation problems from treatments by typing their skin. (Hill, 2007) 3. Along with skin types, there are a few divisions and subdivisions that can affect the skin; acne, psoriasis, eczema, and rosacea. All of which can be partially treated but care has to be taken when using cosmetics and facial creams. 4. DSHAPES (D = Vitamin D), (S= Secretion), (P= Protection), (S= Storage), (E= Excretion), (H= Heat) 5. Skin conditions like, acne and rosacea are very different from each other. Acne is causedby an inflammation of the skin resulting in eruptions on the surface, i. e. whiteheads, blackheads, pimples, even cysts. The acne is classified in three categories; comedonal, inflammatory and nodulocystic. Acne vulgaris has three factors in common, too much facial oil, hormones and bacteria. Poor hygiene is not the cause of acne. (Luxuries, 2003-2008) The skin condition, rosacea is caused by varying degrees of redness due to enlargement and dilation of blood vessels beneath the skins surface. (Rosacea Care – Symptoms and Treatment, 2003-2008). Unlike acne vulgaris, the skin does not erupt when suffering from rosacea.6. The shedding of the outer layer of skin, known as desquamation has its benefits, like exfloiation it rids the skin of flaky, old skin, making way for fresh new cells to make new skin. Certain treatments can accelerate this process, a chemical peel is one of them. 7. Facial steaming is an excellent method of caring for your skin. As it only involves placing your face into the steam from water, there is the added bonus of it being natural. Opening and cleansing the pores, skin will feel softer and cleaner with less visible pores. 8. Collagen and elastin are both fi bres found in our dermis, the deeper layer of skin.They are both proteins but collagen and elastin differ significantly in their content of basic amino acids. (Fluorescence microscopic distinction between elastin and collagen , 2004) 9. Using a magnifying lamp is useful as it enables a higher level of sight than the naked eye and clearly shows any imperfection, making it a simple task when analysing skin. (D'Angelo, 2002) 10. The Wood lamp is similar to a magnifying lamp, only with a Wood lamp you are able to see even deeper into the skin. 11. Erythema is a name applied to redness of the skin produced by congestion of thecapillaries. Oedma is the pressure of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body. Papule is a small, superficial elevation of the skin. A Macule is a spot. A Pustule is an elevation of the cuticle containing pus. A Comedone is a plug of sebum. A Milia is a small subepidermal cyst which is usually multiple, referred to as milium. Eczema is a thickening and scaling of the skin. (Education, 1997-2007). 12. Moisturising face masks will improve the skins moisture levels. The mask works like a moisturiser but is more intense and quick.A mud or clay face mask is good for oily skins as it absorbs excess impurities and grease. A gel face mask is particularly good if you have irritated skin or have suffered too much heat from the sun. (Facial Masks). 13. Using different ingredients in setting masks have differing qualities; Kaolin is used for acne prone and oily skin because of its absorbant properties. Fullers Earth is similar to Kaolin but also has deep cleansing properties. Rose Water is more suited to dry and sensitive skin because of its mild toning effects and Calamine is useful for ageing or sensitive skin because it has a cooling, soothing effect.(Oily and Acne Prone Skin, 2007) 14. If your face has never shown an oily shine and you've never suffered from pimples or acne, chances are you were born with norma l to dry skin. If that's the case, you'll want to keep it sufficiently moisturized and use skin-care products especially formulated for dry skin. If on the other hand your pores are visible, especially on your chin, nose and between your eyebrows, you're prone to breakouts and clogged pore, but your skin looks scaly and dry in places, you're dehydrated. (New Skin Oasis, 2005 & 2006) 15. Hyperhidrosis is excessive perspiring.Anhidrosis is an absence of sweat. Bromhidros is foul smelling perspiration (body odour). (Education, 1997-2007) 16. Two disorders of the sebaceous glands are milia (whiteheads) and comedone (blackheads). 17. An eccrine gland is a tubular gland that occurs in the skin on almost all parts of the skin. An apocrine gland is droplet of sweat. (Education, 1997-2007) 18. Client consultation is important because of all the different skin types and skin conditions. Analysing a clients skin before treatment of any type will ensure the correct products or treatments are us ed. 19.Acid mantle is the fine film with a slightly acidic pH level that protects the skin from the sun. (Gil Yosipovitch, 2003). 20. Skin Cancer, Breast Cancer, Lung Cancer. 21. Eczema – itchy and flaky. Dermatitis – itchy, blotchy and flaky. Psoriasis – thickening of skin, flaky, itchy, usually only affects the joints and isolated areas. Acne – eruptions underneath the skins surface. Rosacea – reddening of the skin, blotchiness. 22. The meaning of allergy is to be allergic to something. Your body or skin reacts letting you know that what you have come into contact with disagrees with you. 23.Albinism – a total lack of melanin in the skin. Melasma – dark brown, symmetric patches of pigment on the face. Vitiligo – smooth white patches on skin. Port wine stain – a flat, pink, red or purple birth mark. Strawberry hemangiomas – a slightly raised, red birthmark. (Dermatology , 2008) 24. No diagrams, impossible to do. D'Angelo, J. (2002). Miladys Standard Comprehensive Training for Estheticians. Retrieved March 16, 2008, from http://books. google. co. uk/books? id=jZACPaVxE4gC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq=why+is+a+magnifying+lamp+important+in+skin+care&source=web&ots=VQlWnsTbgL&sig=PIguYdUGsVIv0H34rBkcrMKFDr4&hl=enDermatology . (2008, January). Retrieved March 16, 2008, from University of Maryland Medical Center: http://www. umm. edu/dermatology-info/pigment. htm Education, C. f. (1997-2007). Retrieved March 16, 2008, from Online Medical Dictionary: http://cancerweb. ncl. ac. uk/cgi-bin/omd? erythema Facial Masks. (n. d. ). Retrieved March 16, 2008, from Skin Care Tips Online: http://www. skin-care-tips-online. com/Facial-Masks. html Facial Skin Types. (2003-2008). Retrieved March 16, 2008, from Herbal Luxuries: http://www. herballuxuries. com/skin_types. htm Fluorescence microscopic distinction between elastin and collagen .(2004, December 1). Retrieved March 16, 2008, from SpringerLink: http://www. sp ringerlink. com/content/kr21x1633687171q/ Gil Yosipovitch, M. a. (2003). The Importance of Skin pH. Retrieved March 16, 2008, from CWI Medical: http://www. cwimedical. com/incontinence-skin-ph. html Hill, P. (2007, May Wednesday). Professional Aesthetics Series: The Importance of Skin Typing Before Treatment. Retrieved March 16, 2008, from Pamela Hill Institute: http://pamelahillinstitute. com/95/professional-aesthetics-series-the-importance-of-skin-typing-before-treatment/ Luxuries, H. (2003-2008).Acne Causes and Treatments. Retrieved March 16, 2008, from Herbal Luxuries: http://www. herballuxuries. com/acne. htm New Skin Oasis. (2005 & 2006). Retrieved March 16, 2008, from New Skin Oasis: http://www. newskinoasis. com/skin_care_tips. asp? skin_care_tip=14 Oily and Acne Prone Skin. (2007). Retrieved March 16, 2008, from Preventacne. com: http://www. preeventacne. com/mall/Preeventacne/Oily%20and%20acne-prone%20skin. htm Rosacea Care – Symptoms and Treatment. (2003-2008). Ret rieved March 16, 2008, from Herbal Luxuries: http://www. herballuxuries. com/rosacea. htm

The Bering Land Bridge Between Russia and North America

The Bering Land Bridge Between Russia and North America The Bering Strait is a waterway that separates Russia from North America. It lies above the Bering Land Bridge (BLB), also called Beringia (sometimes misspelled Beringea), a submerged landmass that once connected the Siberian mainland with North America. While Beringias shape and size while above water is variously described in publications, most scholars would agree the land mass included the Seward Peninsula, as well as existing land areas of northeast Siberia and western Alaska, between the Verkhoyansk Range in Siberia and the Mackenzie River in Alaska. As a waterway, the Bering Strait connects the Pacific Ocean to the Arctic Ocean over the polar ice cap, and eventually the Atlantic Ocean. The climate of the Bering Land Bridge (BLB) when it was above sea level during the Pleistocene was long thought to have been primarily a herbaceous tundra or steppe-tundra. However, recent pollen studies have shown that during the Last Glacial Maximum (say, between 30,000-18,000 calendar years ago, abbreviated as cal BP), the environment was a mosaic of diverse but cold plant and animal habitats. Living on the Bering Land Bridge Whether Beringia was habitable or not at a given time is determined by the sea level and presence of surrounding ice: specifically, whenever the sea level drops about 50 meters (~164 feet) below its present position, the land surfaces. The dates when this happened in the past have been difficult to establish, in part because the BLB is currently mostly underwater and difficult to reach. Ice cores seem to indicate that most of the Bering Land Bridge was exposed during Oxygen Isotope Stage 3 (60,000 to 25,000 years ago), connecting Siberia and North America: and the land mass was above sea level but cut off from east and west land bridges during OIS 2 (25,000 to about 18,500 years BP). Beringian Standstill Hypothesis By and large, archaeologists believe that the Bering land bridge was the primary entryway for the original colonists into the Americas. About 30 years ago, scholars were convinced that people simply left Siberia, crossed the BLB and entered down through the mid-continental Canadian ice shield through a so-called ice-free corridor. However, recent investigations indicate the ice-free corridor was blocked between about 30,000 and 11,500 cal BP. Since the northwest Pacific coast was deglaciated at least as early as 14,500 years BP, many scholars today believe a Pacific coastal route was the primary route for much of the first American colonization. One theory gaining strength is the Beringian standstill hypothesis, or Beringian Incubation Model (BIM), the proponents of which argue that instead of moving directly from Siberia across the strait and down the Pacific coast, the migrants livedin fact were trappedon the BLB for several millennia during the Last Glacial Maximum. Their entry into North America would have been blocked by ice sheets, and their return to Siberia blocked by the glaciers in the Verkhoyansk mountain range. The earliest archaeological evidence of human settlement to the west of the Bering Land Bridge east of the Verkhoyansk Range in Siberia is the Yana RHS site, a very unusual 30,000-year-old site located above the arctic circle. The earliest sites on the east side of the BLB in the Americas are Preclovis in date, with confirmed dates usually no more than 16,000 years cal BP. Climate Change and the Bering Land Bridge Although there is a lingering debate, pollen studies suggest that the climate of the BLB between about 29,500 and 13,300 cal BP was an arid, cool climate, with grass-herb-willow tundra. There is also some evidence that near the end of the LGM (~21,000-18,000 cal BP), conditions in Beringia deteriorated sharply. At about 13,300 cal BP, when rising sea levels began to flood the bridge, the climate appears to have been wetter, with deeper winter snows and cooler summers. Sometime between 18,000 and 15,000 cal BP, the bottleneck to the east was broken, which allowed human entrance into the North American continent along the Pacific coast. The Bering Land Bridge was completely inundated by rising sea levels by 10,000 or 11,000 cal BP, and its current level was reached about 7,000 years ago. The Bering Strait and Climate Control A recent computer modeling of the ocean cycles and their effect on abrupt climate transitions called Dansgaard-Oeschger (D/O) cycles, and reported in Hu and colleagues 2012, describes one potential effect of the Bering Strait on global climate. This study suggests that the closing of the Bering Strait during the Pleistocene restricted cross-circulation between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and perhaps led to the numerous abrupt climatic changes experienced between 80,000 and 11,000 years ago. One of the major fears of coming global climate change is the effect of changes in the salinity and temperature of the North Atlantic current, resulting from glacial ice melt. Changes to the North Atlantic current have been identified as one trigger for significant cooling or warming events in the North Atlantic and surrounding regions, such as that seen during the Pleistocene. What the computer models seem to show is that an open Bering Strait allows ocean circulation between the Atlantic and Pacific, and continued admixing may suppress the effect of the North Atlantic freshwater anomaly. The researchers suggest that as long as the Bering Strait continues to stay open, the current water flow between our two major oceans will continue unhindered. This is likely to repress or limit any changes in the North Atlantic salinity or temperature, and thus lessen the likelihood of sudden collapse of the global climate. Researchers caution, however, that since researchers arent even guaranteeing that fluctuations in the North Atlantic current would create problems, further investigations examining glacial climate boundary conditions and models are needed to support these results. Climate Similarities between Greenland and Alaska In related studies, Praetorius and Mix (2014) looked at the oxygen isotopes of two species of fossil plankton, taken from  sediment cores  off the Alaskan coast, and compared them to similar studies in northern Greenland. Briefly, the balance of isotopes in a fossil being is direct evidence of the kind of plantsarid, temperate, wetland, etc.which were consumed by the animal during its life. What Praetorius and Mix discovered was that sometimes Greenland and the coast of Alaska experienced the same kind of climate: and sometimes they did not. The regions experienced the same general climate conditions from 15,500-11,000 years ago, just before the abrupt climate changes that resulted in our modern climate. That was the onset of the Holocene when temperatures rose sharply, and most of the glaciers melted back to the poles. That may have been a result of the connectivity of the two oceans, regulated by the opening of the Bering Strait; the elevation of ice in North America and/or the routing of freshwater into the North Atlantic or Southern ocean. After things settled down, the two  climates  diverged again and the climate has been relatively stable since then. However, they appear to be growing closer. Praetorius and Mix suggest that the simultaneity of climates may presage rapid climate change and that it would be prudent to monitor the changes. Sources This glossary entry is part of the About.com  Guide to Populating America  and the  Dictionary of Archaeology. Bibliographic sources for this article are on  page two. Ager TA, and Phillips RL. 2008. Pollen evidence for late Pleistocene Bering land bridge environments from Norton Sound, northeastern Bering Sea, Alaska.  Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research  40(3):451–461. Bever MR. 2001. An Overview of Alaskan Late Pleistocene Archaeology: Historical Themes and Current Perspectives.  Journal of World Prehistory  15(2):125-191. Fagundes NJR, Kanitz R, Eckert R, Valls ACS, Bogo MR, Salzano FM, Smith DG, Silva WA, Zago MA, Ribeiro-dos-Santos AK et al. 2008. Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas.  The American Journal of Human Genetics  82(3):583-592. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013 Hoffecker JF, and Elias SA. 2003. Environment and archeology in Beringia.  Evolutionary Anthropology  12(1):34-49. doi:10.1002/evan.10103 Hoffecker JF, Elias SA, and ORourke DH. 2014. Out of Beringia?  Science  343:979-980. doi:10.1126/science.1250768 Hu A, Meehl GA, Han W, Timmermann A, Otto-Bliesner B, Liu Z, Washington WM, Large W, Abe-Ouchi A, Kimoto M et al. 2012.  Role of the Bering Strait on the hysteresis of the ocean conveyor belt circulation and glacial climate stability.  Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences  109(17):6417-6422. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1116014109 Praetorius SK, and Mix AC. 2014.  Synchronization of North Pacific and Greenland climates preceded abrupt deglacial warming.  Science  345(6195):444-448. Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, Metspalu M, Smith DG, Mulligan CJ, Bravi CM, Rickards O, Martinez-Labarga C, Khusnutdinova EK et al. 2007.  Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders.  PLoS ONE  2(9):e829. Volodko NV, Starikovskaya EB, Mazunin IO, Eltsov NP, Naidenko PV, Wallace DC, and Sukernik RI. 2008. Mitochondrial Genome Diversity in Arctic Siberians, with Particular Reference to the Evolutionary  History of Beringia and Pleistocenic Peopling of the Americas.  The American Journal of Human Genetics  82(5):1084-1100. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.03.019

Free Essays on Rodney King

It seemed like an open-and-shut case. The George Holliday video, played on television so often that an executive at CNN called it "wallpaper," showed three Los Angeles police officersas their supervisor watched kicking, stomping on, and beating with metal batons a seemingly defenseless African-American named Rodney King. Polls taken shortly after the incident showed that over 90% of Los Angeles residents who saw the videotape believed that the police used excessive force in arresting King. Despite the videotape, a jury in Simi Valley concluded a year later that the evidence was not sufficient to convict the officers. Within hours of the jury's verdict, Los Angeles erupted in riots. When it was over, fifty-four people had lost their lives, over 7,000 people had been arrested, and hundreds of millions of dollars worth of property had been destroyed. Why did the twelve members of the jury fail to convict any of the officers? Was the jury racist, as some charged? Or did the jury see something in the evidence that justified the brutality witnessed on the Holliday videotape? March 3, 1991 On the night of March 2, 1991, Rodney Glen King watched a basketball game and drank forty-ounce bottles of Olde English 800 at a friend's home in suburban Los Angeles. After the game, King proposed a trippossibly to pick up some girls. King and two friends, "Pooh" Allen and Freddie Helms, took off driving west down the 210 freeway. At 12:30 A.M., a husband-and-wife team of the California Highway Patrol, Tim and Melanie Singer, spotted King's Hyundai behind them driving at a very high speed. The Singers exited at the Sunland Boulevard off ramp and returned to the freeway to chase the speeding car at speeds of up to 117 miles per hour. King ignored the flashing lights and sped off an exit ramp. He ran a red light, nearly causing an accident, before finally coming to a stop near the entrance to Hansen Dam Park, at the intersect... Free Essays on Rodney King Free Essays on Rodney King It seemed like an open-and-shut case. The George Holliday video, played on television so often that an executive at CNN called it "wallpaper," showed three Los Angeles police officersas their supervisor watched kicking, stomping on, and beating with metal batons a seemingly defenseless African-American named Rodney King. Polls taken shortly after the incident showed that over 90% of Los Angeles residents who saw the videotape believed that the police used excessive force in arresting King. Despite the videotape, a jury in Simi Valley concluded a year later that the evidence was not sufficient to convict the officers. Within hours of the jury's verdict, Los Angeles erupted in riots. When it was over, fifty-four people had lost their lives, over 7,000 people had been arrested, and hundreds of millions of dollars worth of property had been destroyed. Why did the twelve members of the jury fail to convict any of the officers? Was the jury racist, as some charged? Or did the jury see something in the evidence that justified the brutality witnessed on the Holliday videotape? March 3, 1991 On the night of March 2, 1991, Rodney Glen King watched a basketball game and drank forty-ounce bottles of Olde English 800 at a friend's home in suburban Los Angeles. After the game, King proposed a trippossibly to pick up some girls. King and two friends, "Pooh" Allen and Freddie Helms, took off driving west down the 210 freeway. At 12:30 A.M., a husband-and-wife team of the California Highway Patrol, Tim and Melanie Singer, spotted King's Hyundai behind them driving at a very high speed. The Singers exited at the Sunland Boulevard off ramp and returned to the freeway to chase the speeding car at speeds of up to 117 miles per hour. King ignored the flashing lights and sped off an exit ramp. He ran a red light, nearly causing an accident, before finally coming to a stop near the entrance to Hansen Dam Park, at the intersect...

Should the United States involve in a war in Libya Essay

Should the United States involve in a war in Libya - Essay Example Libya is one country in which people started agitations against dictatorship of Gaddafi. However, Gaddafi tried to use iron fist to suppress the public agitation which forced United Nations to declare a no fly zone over Libya in order to save the innocent people from air strikes from the Gaddafi’s forces. Currently United States and its allies are protecting the Libyan agitators from the hands of Gaddafi. However many people believe that United States should declare war against in order to save the Libyan public from the dictatorship of Gaddafi. At the same time many people oppose America’s interference in Libya since they believe that attacking a sovereign state without enough reasons is morally and politically wrong. In my opinion, America should attack Libya in order to save the life of innocent people and this paper argues in favor of attacking Libya. Why Gaddafi should be expelled? The major reason why I support America’s intervention in Libya is the massacr es against the innocent people conducting by Gaddafi. â€Å"Many in Libya still remember how Gaddafi used to execute those who opposed him — or those he felt had opposed him — and would leave their bodies hanging from nooses for days as a warning† (Abdulrahim, n. d). ... Gaddafi is trying to sustain his administration and he using all false means to suppress the public agitation against him. Majority of the Libyan population like to see the ouster of Gaddafi since they like breath the air of freedom. Human right violations appear in many forms in Libya. Those who are expressing their opinion against the administration will be imprisoned in Libya. In the name of Islamic administration, Gaddafi is exploiting the weaknesses of the public. Gaddafi succeeded in enforcing censorship upon media so that the to and fro motion of unhealthy information between Libya and external world is impossible. The entire world is currently undergoing drastic changes because of globalization. Even the communist China has made lot of changes in their internal and external policies to give a humanitarian face to communism. In a civilized world like ours, people always like to enjoy equality, freedom, liberty etc. Only a democratic administration would be able to provide all these things to its citizen. Only a democratic administration would give power to the people in choosing their political leaders. Gaddafi is trying to prevent people from enjoying all such freedoms and hence America should do everything possible to expel Gaddafi. â€Å"Hope for a new government and for more fearless opposition to the regime is reflected in the ongoing protests. Multiple Libyan diplomats and politicians, including the justice and interior ministers, have resigned† (Soliman, 2011). The support for the ouster of Gaddafi not only comes from the public, but also from the colleagues of Gaddafi. In other words, nobody has any satisfaction over the Gaddafi administration which means America will get immense public support if they decide to

Quality Assurance Procedure With Regard To Student's Ability-Based Essay

Quality Assurance Procedure With Regard To Student's Ability-Based Assessment - Essay Example This paper will explore an analysis of quality assurance with regard to Student ability-based assessment. The paper will also develop and examine the underlying issues and causes that trigger student’s ability-based assessment as a way of quality assurance in college. Student’s Ability-Based Assessment Institutions of higher learning for adults are very complex and dynamic. It is, thus, necessary to carry out student ability-based assessments for lecturers to be able to understand whether what they teach in the classroom is being understood by the students. Student ability-based assessment is seen to lead to program assessment. Wilkin (2000 p.18) notes that the ultimate goal is not only to determine the student’s competency but also to determine corrective actions that may be taken to ensure that competency is reached. Student assessment scores are also used by the college as a measure of yearly progress (Denton and Brown 2009 p.217-229). Cicchelli and Ashby-Davi s (2011) argues that one of the major determinants of achievement of the learning task is to be able to establish the cognitive-entry characteristics of a person. Therefore, it is important to assess such entry characteristics before issuing instructions since many lecturers today are faced with teaching exceptional students and adults in the regular classroom. What triggered the introduction of student ability-based assessment in my college was the fact that a number of students were found only to show competencies in some of the subjects without due regard to the others. For example, in a course that exhibits two abilities as outcomes targets, some students were found to perform superbly in one, in which they even obtain a grade (â€Å"A†) but could completely show a big contrast in the other with a grade â€Å"F†. In some situations, the overall grade of some students would reflect an average performance of grade â€Å"C† giving the student opportunity to pro gress through the curriculum. However, the truth of the matter is that the student lacks the ability to be deemed necessary by the faculty of the college. For this reason, the college administration, through assessment division, deemed it necessary for student assessments to be done as a quality assurance procedure so that a curriculum based on the student’s ability can be introduced as suggested by Denton and Brown (2009 p.217-229). The introduction of student ability-based assessment was also to enable the college set a curriculum that is able to nature students with competence in their areas of study that meet labor market demands. This is after a survey showed that many graduates of the college lacked expected competency that meets the skills demanded in the labor market. The initial perception among the students was that the assessment was being carried out as a normal exam test procedure. It was until late that students came to discover that it was a way of examining in dividual student competency so that the college administration could come up with student curriculum validation procedures that meet the skills required in the labor market. Analysis of the Incident Wilkin (2000 P.6) argues that national demand for educational accountability has triggered interest in a number of assessment techniques through which institutions of learning can demonstrate responsibility and effectiveness. Ability-based education is such an approach used as